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Biology 111 C > Chapter 2,3 and 6 Review > Flashcards

Chapter 2,3 and 6 Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Atom

A

Smallest identifiable unit of mater

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2
Q

protons

A

positive electrical charge

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3
Q

neutrons

A

neutral charge

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4
Q

electrons

A

negative charge

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5
Q

isotopes

A

when an atoms neutrons have been changed

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6
Q

how are electrons configured around a nuclei

A
  • electrons move around nuclei in pairs orbitals
  • orbitals are grouped into electron shells in # order
  • each shell contains a specific # of orbitals
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7
Q

Valence Shell

A

outermost shell of each element

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8
Q

Electronegativity

A

how strong an atom pulls shared electrons towards itself in a bond
- controlled by the number of protons and distance between nucleus and valence shell

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9
Q

Cation

A

positively charged ions

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10
Q

Anion

A

negatively charged ions

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11
Q

ion

A

atom with full electrical charge due to a loss or gain of an electron

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12
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water loving; attracted to water

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13
Q

hydrophobic

A

water hating; will not hydrogen bond to other water molecules

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14
Q

cohesion

A

attraction between like molecules

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15
Q

adhesion

A

attraction between unlike molecules

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16
Q

is water denser as a liquid or a solid?

A

as a liquid; hydrogen bonding is much less likely in liquid due to constant h bonds being made and broken

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17
Q

acids

A

lower pH; any compound that gives up protons or accepts electrons

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18
Q

bases

A

any compound that gives up electrons or gains protons in a reaction or accepts hydrogen ions when dissolving into H2O

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19
Q

what does the atomic mass include

A

number of protons plus the number of neutrons (at the top of the symbol)

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20
Q

what does the atomic number include

A

number of protons (at the bottom of the symbol)

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21
Q

Electronegativity scale with the 4 elements (greatest to least)

A

Oxygen > Nitrogen > Carbon which is about equal to Hydrogen

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22
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

Strongest bonds
electrons are shared and use the orbital from both nuclei

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23
Q

Ionic bonds

A

middle bond
transfer of electrons

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24
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

weakest bond
partial charge of electrons

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25
Q

Polar Covalent bonds

A

electrons are not shared equally

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26
Q

non polar covalent bonds

A

electrons are shared equally

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27
Q

what does changing the number of protons do?

A

changes the properties of the atom, therefore changing the element itself

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28
Q

what does changing the number of electrons

A

impacts the charge of the atom

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29
Q

Is water a polar or non polar molecule

A

polar

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30
Q

Kinetic energy

A

active energy

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31
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy

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32
Q

Entropy

A

the measure of disorder of thermodynamics

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33
Q

Protien functions

A
  1. catalysis (enzymes): speeds up chemical reactions
  2. structure: shape cells and compromise body structure
  3. signaling: convey messages between cells
  4. transport: allow molecules to enter and exit cells or carry them throughout the body
  5. movement: motor proteins move cells or molecules
  6. Defense: antibodies attack pathogens
34
Q

What are proteins made of

A

amino acids (macromolecule)

35
Q

what does every amino acid have

A

always have a central carbon, an amine group, and a carboxyl group

36
Q

what do many linked amino acids become

A

become proteins

37
Q

condensation reactions

A

taking two monomers and connecting them together (also known as dehydration synthesis)

38
Q

hydrolysis

A

breaking the bond between the polymer to create monomers

39
Q

Polar molecules are

A

hydrophilic

40
Q

non polar molecules are

A

hydrophobic

41
Q

What reactions require energy

A
  1. polymerization
  2. anabolism
  3. condensation reactions/dehydration synthesis
42
Q

what reactions release energy

A
  1. catabolism
  2. hydrolysis
  3. spontaneous reaction
43
Q

Peptide Bonds

A

bonds that are only formed between amino acids

44
Q

Four levels of a protein and their function

A

Primary: links of amino acids together (linked together with covalent bonds)
Secondary: can either be an alpha helix or pleated sheet (held together by hydrogen bonds)
Tertiary: Folding the helix or pleated sheet together based on the R group, folding can impact the function
Quaternary: linking together sub units of tertiary structures; combination of polypeptides

45
Q

Five types of R group interactions

A

H - Bonding: forms between polar side chains and opposite partial charges

Hydrophobic interactions: water forces hydrophobic side chains together

Van der Waal Interactions: weak electrical interactions between side chains

Covalent bonds: bonds between side chains of sulfhydryl groups

Ionic Bonding: form between groups w/ full and opposing charges

46
Q

what does the structure of an amino acid depend on?

A

the R group (also called the side chain)

47
Q

where would a hydrophobic R group most likely be found?

A

most likely be found in the middle of a protein burried inside

48
Q

where do substrates bond to

A

bond to the active site of an enzyme

49
Q

hydrophobic molecules are

A

non polar with whole charges

50
Q

hydrophilic molecules are

A

partial charges and polar

51
Q

when a molecule hs equal electronegativity, what other attributes in the molecule are there?

A

non polar and covalent, and they are also hydrophobic

52
Q

endergonic

A

requiring energy

53
Q

exergonic

A

releasing energy

54
Q

what are the three types of lipids?

A

fats, steroids, and phospholipids

55
Q

lipid definition

A

carbon containing compounds that are non polar and hydrophobic

56
Q

isoprene

A

functions as pigments, scents, vitamins, and sex hormone precursors

57
Q

fatty acids

A

hydrocarbon chain bonded to a carboxyl group that can either be saturated or unsaturated

58
Q

saturated fat characteristics

A

straight chain with single bonds

59
Q

unsaturated fat characteristics

A

bent chain with some double bonds between carbon

60
Q

amphipathic

A

a molecule has one area that is hydrophobic, and one area that is hydrophilic

61
Q

at room temperature, saturated fatty acids can _________

A

can form solids

61
Q

at room temperature, unsaturated fatty acids are ____________

A

are liquid

62
Q

how are fats formed?

A

dehydration reactions

63
Q

entropy

A

lack of order or predictability

64
Q

hydrolysis

A

breaks down a molecule by adding water to it

65
Q

condensation reaction

A

builds a larger molecule by removing water from two smaller molecules

66
Q

what parts of a phospholipid are hydrophobic or hydrophillic

A

head = hydrophilic
legs = hydrophobic

67
Q

what is the purpose of phospholipids

A

make up the cell membranes

they consist of fatty acid chains, glycerol, and a phosphate group

68
Q

what is the purpose of steroids

A

helps with hormones, small messenger molecules

69
Q

selectively permeable

A

occurs in a phospholipid bilayer; how likely things are to move through the membrane

70
Q

easiest to hardest molecules to move through a membrane

A
  1. small, non-polar molecules
  2. small, uncharged polar molecules
  3. large uncharged polar molecules
  4. ions cannot get through membranes without a channel
71
Q

how can the permeability of a membrane be influenced?

A

by the saturation and length of the fatty acid

72
Q

solutes

A

“particles” or molecules of interest in diffusion

73
Q

diffusion:

A

how different particles move across a gradient

refers to the movement of solutes from high to low concentration to create an equilibrium; does not need energy

74
Q

solvent:

A

the solution that solutes move through; example is water or air

75
Q

hypertonic

A

having a higher osmotic pressure than the fluid

76
Q

hypotonic

A

having a lower osmotic pressure than the fluid

77
Q

isotonic

A

equal osmotic concentration between two fluids

78
Q

osmosis:

A

the movement of water in diffusion

79
Q

qualities of facilitated diffusion

A

the movement of solutes across a gradient
moves from high to low concentration
diffusion does not require energy
proteins present

80
Q

qualities of active transport

A

requires energy
proteins present
can move from high to low or low to high concentration
uses ATP for energy

81
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

determines the direction that ions will flow through an open ion channel

Biology 111 C (5 decks)

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