Chapter 2,3 and 6 Review Flashcards
Atom
Smallest identifiable unit of mater
protons
positive electrical charge
neutrons
neutral charge
electrons
negative charge
isotopes
when an atoms neutrons have been changed
how are electrons configured around a nuclei
- electrons move around nuclei in pairs orbitals
- orbitals are grouped into electron shells in # order
- each shell contains a specific # of orbitals
Valence Shell
outermost shell of each element
Electronegativity
how strong an atom pulls shared electrons towards itself in a bond
- controlled by the number of protons and distance between nucleus and valence shell
Cation
positively charged ions
Anion
negatively charged ions
ion
atom with full electrical charge due to a loss or gain of an electron
Hydrophilic
Water loving; attracted to water
hydrophobic
water hating; will not hydrogen bond to other water molecules
cohesion
attraction between like molecules
adhesion
attraction between unlike molecules
is water denser as a liquid or a solid?
as a liquid; hydrogen bonding is much less likely in liquid due to constant h bonds being made and broken
acids
lower pH; any compound that gives up protons or accepts electrons
bases
any compound that gives up electrons or gains protons in a reaction or accepts hydrogen ions when dissolving into H2O
what does the atomic mass include
number of protons plus the number of neutrons (at the top of the symbol)
what does the atomic number include
number of protons (at the bottom of the symbol)
Electronegativity scale with the 4 elements (greatest to least)
Oxygen > Nitrogen > Carbon which is about equal to Hydrogen
Covalent Bonds
Strongest bonds
electrons are shared and use the orbital from both nuclei
Ionic bonds
middle bond
transfer of electrons
Hydrogen Bonds
weakest bond
partial charge of electrons
Polar Covalent bonds
electrons are not shared equally
non polar covalent bonds
electrons are shared equally
what does changing the number of protons do?
changes the properties of the atom, therefore changing the element itself
what does changing the number of electrons
impacts the charge of the atom
Is water a polar or non polar molecule
polar
Kinetic energy
active energy
potential energy
stored energy
Entropy
the measure of disorder of thermodynamics
Protien functions
- catalysis (enzymes): speeds up chemical reactions
- structure: shape cells and compromise body structure
- signaling: convey messages between cells
- transport: allow molecules to enter and exit cells or carry them throughout the body
- movement: motor proteins move cells or molecules
- Defense: antibodies attack pathogens
What are proteins made of
amino acids (macromolecule)
what does every amino acid have
always have a central carbon, an amine group, and a carboxyl group
what do many linked amino acids become
become proteins
condensation reactions
taking two monomers and connecting them together (also known as dehydration synthesis)
hydrolysis
breaking the bond between the polymer to create monomers
Polar molecules are
hydrophilic
non polar molecules are
hydrophobic
What reactions require energy
- polymerization
- anabolism
- condensation reactions/dehydration synthesis
what reactions release energy
- catabolism
- hydrolysis
- spontaneous reaction
Peptide Bonds
bonds that are only formed between amino acids
Four levels of a protein and their function
Primary: links of amino acids together (linked together with covalent bonds)
Secondary: can either be an alpha helix or pleated sheet (held together by hydrogen bonds)
Tertiary: Folding the helix or pleated sheet together based on the R group, folding can impact the function
Quaternary: linking together sub units of tertiary structures; combination of polypeptides
Five types of R group interactions
H - Bonding: forms between polar side chains and opposite partial charges
Hydrophobic interactions: water forces hydrophobic side chains together
Van der Waal Interactions: weak electrical interactions between side chains
Covalent bonds: bonds between side chains of sulfhydryl groups
Ionic Bonding: form between groups w/ full and opposing charges
what does the structure of an amino acid depend on?
the R group (also called the side chain)
where would a hydrophobic R group most likely be found?
most likely be found in the middle of a protein burried inside
where do substrates bond to
bond to the active site of an enzyme
hydrophobic molecules are
non polar with whole charges
hydrophilic molecules are
partial charges and polar
when a molecule hs equal electronegativity, what other attributes in the molecule are there?
non polar and covalent, and they are also hydrophobic
endergonic
requiring energy
exergonic
releasing energy
what are the three types of lipids?
fats, steroids, and phospholipids
lipid definition
carbon containing compounds that are non polar and hydrophobic
isoprene
functions as pigments, scents, vitamins, and sex hormone precursors
fatty acids
hydrocarbon chain bonded to a carboxyl group that can either be saturated or unsaturated
saturated fat characteristics
straight chain with single bonds
unsaturated fat characteristics
bent chain with some double bonds between carbon
amphipathic
a molecule has one area that is hydrophobic, and one area that is hydrophilic
at room temperature, saturated fatty acids can _________
can form solids
at room temperature, unsaturated fatty acids are ____________
are liquid
how are fats formed?
dehydration reactions
entropy
lack of order or predictability
hydrolysis
breaks down a molecule by adding water to it
condensation reaction
builds a larger molecule by removing water from two smaller molecules
what parts of a phospholipid are hydrophobic or hydrophillic
head = hydrophilic
legs = hydrophobic
what is the purpose of phospholipids
make up the cell membranes
they consist of fatty acid chains, glycerol, and a phosphate group
what is the purpose of steroids
helps with hormones, small messenger molecules
selectively permeable
occurs in a phospholipid bilayer; how likely things are to move through the membrane
easiest to hardest molecules to move through a membrane
- small, non-polar molecules
- small, uncharged polar molecules
- large uncharged polar molecules
- ions cannot get through membranes without a channel
how can the permeability of a membrane be influenced?
by the saturation and length of the fatty acid
solutes
“particles” or molecules of interest in diffusion
diffusion:
how different particles move across a gradient
refers to the movement of solutes from high to low concentration to create an equilibrium; does not need energy
solvent:
the solution that solutes move through; example is water or air
hypertonic
having a higher osmotic pressure than the fluid
hypotonic
having a lower osmotic pressure than the fluid
isotonic
equal osmotic concentration between two fluids
osmosis:
the movement of water in diffusion
qualities of facilitated diffusion
the movement of solutes across a gradient
moves from high to low concentration
diffusion does not require energy
proteins present
qualities of active transport
requires energy
proteins present
can move from high to low or low to high concentration
uses ATP for energy
electrochemical gradient
determines the direction that ions will flow through an open ion channel
