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Principles Of Radiography (RAD-104-81003) > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the abdominal cavity contain?

A
  • stomach
  • small intestines
  • large intestines
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • spleen
  • pancreas
  • kidneys
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2
Q

What does the pelvic cavity contain?

A
  • rectum
  • sigmoid
  • urinary bladder
  • reproductive organs
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3
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

double-walled membranous sac that encloses the cavity

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4
Q

What is the inner layer of the peritoneum called?

A

visceral peritoneum

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5
Q

What is the outer layer of the peritoneum called?

A

parietal peritoneum

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6
Q

What is the retroperitoneum? What structures are located there?

A
  • the space behind the peritoneum
  • kidneys and pancreas
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7
Q

What are the general procedural guidelines?

A
  • exposure technique
  • IR and collimation field size
  • SID
  • ID markers
  • radiation protection
  • patient and breathing instructions
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8
Q

When would you decrease the kVp for an abdomen x-ray? Why?

A

you decrease the kVp to 70 instead of 80 because 80 kVp will burn kidney stones

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9
Q

What is the collimation size for an abdomen x-ray?

A
  • 35cm x 43cm (14in x 17in)
  • 1in (2.5cm) of shadow of the abdomen flanks
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10
Q

What is the SID for an abdomen projection?

A

40in (102cm)

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11
Q

What are the breathing instructions for an abdomen x-ray? Why?

A
  • take a deep breath in, blow it all out and hold
  • the diaphragm goes up and we’re able to see all the organs
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12
Q

What is a KUB? What does it include? How many images is it?

A
  • kidneys, ureters, bladder
  • also known as a supine projection
  • includes the pubic symphysis
  • 1 image
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13
Q

What does an upright abdominal x-ray include? What is another name for it?

A
  • diaphragm
  • FUA - flat, upright abdomen, 2 images
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14
Q

What is a complete abdomen x-ray?

A
  • 3 images:
  • PA chest
  • supine
  • upright
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15
Q

What are the essential projections for the abdomen?

A
  • AP supine
  • AP upright
  • PA upright
  • left lateral decubitus
  • R or L lateral
  • R or L dorsal decubitus
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16
Q

What is a scout? Why is it done?

A
  • x-ray to show that the patient is clean of poop
17
Q

Why is an abdominal projection used?

A
  • demonstrates abdominal contents
  • presence of free air (pneumoperitoneum)
  • air fluid levels
18
Q

What are some important things to remember when doing an AP abdomen supine x-ray?

A
  • patient is supine with knees supported
  • pubic symphysis must be included
  • IR is centered at the iliac crest
  • CR is perpendicular to IR and enters on midsagittal plane at level of the iliac crests
  • collimation is 35cm x 43 cm with shadow 1in
  • exposure is made when patient breathes out and holds it out
19
Q

How would you find the iliac crest on a large patient?

A

feel for the hip bone and move their foot in and out

20
Q

What may be required if a patient is hypersthenic?

A

hypersthenic patients may require 2 projections that overlap

21
Q

What may be required if a patient is too tall?

A

tall patients may require a separate bladder image

22
Q

What are some important things to remember when doing an upright AP abdomen x-ray?

A
  • patient’s back is in contact with IR
  • arms are out of view
  • IR is centered 2in (5cm) above the iliac crest
  • diaphragm must be included
  • if bladder has to be shown, obtain a second image
  • CR is horizontal and enters patient at the midsagittal plane 2in above the iliac crests
  • collimation is 35cm x 43cm and 1in of shadow
  • exposure is made at the end of breathing out and holding
23
Q

Why is a PA abdomen used?

A

to show the organs that are more anterior

24
Q

What are some important things to remember when doing a PA upright abdomen x-ray?

A
  • patient is upright
  • reduces gonadal dose when kidneys are not of primary interest
  • anterior surface is in contact with IR
  • IR is centered to 2in (5cm) above the iliac crest
  • CR enters at the midsagittal at 2in (5cm) above iliac crest
25
Q

How do you shield male and female patients during an abdomen x-ray?

A
  • female: only able to shield the breasts when doing an upright abdomen x-ray
  • males: can be shielded for both upright and supine
26
Q

When is a lateral decubitus abdomen x-ray done?

A

performed for patients who are too sick to stand

27
Q

What are some important things to remember when doing an AP lateral decubitus abdomen x-ray?

A
  • patient is lying on their right or left side
  • arms are up and out of the way
  • center iliac crests to IR
  • if diaphragm needs to be shown, center IR 2in above iliac crests
28
Q

How do you annotate an AP left lateral decubitus x-ray?

A
  • R marker is on top and left lateral decub its annotated
29
Q

Why would you use a left lateral decubitus AP abdomen x-ray?

A

it shows the free air and fluid levels; air floats while fluid sinks

30
Q

What are some important things to remember when doing a dorsal decubitus abdomen x-ray?

A
  • this is used when a patient cannot stand or lie on their side
  • done while the patient is supine on bed or stretcher
  • right or left side is touching IR
    *grid is centered to the midcoronal plane 2in above the iliac crest to IR
  • CR is horizontal and perpendicular to IR
  • collimate 35cm x 43cm
31
Q

What is the evaluation criteria for an AP abdomen x-ray in the supine position?

A
  • proper collimation
  • pubic symphysis is present
  • centered vertebral column
  • ribs, pelvis, and hips are equidistant
  • no rotations
32
Q

What is the evaluation criteria for an AP and PA abdomen x-ray in the upright position?

A
  • proper collimation
  • diaphragm is shown
  • marker indicating the upright position
  • ribs, pelvis, and hips are equidistant
  • no rotations
  • centered vertebral column
33
Q

What is the evaluation criteria for an AP left lateral decubitus x-ray?

A
  • proper collimation
  • diaphragm without motion
  • both sides of the abdomen are present
  • if free air is suspected, the side should be up
  • no rotation
34
Q

What is the evaluation criteria for a lateral dorsal decubitus abdomen x-ray?

A
  • proper collimation
  • diaphragm present
  • entire abdomen is present
  • proper identification
35
Q

What are the structures shown in a R or L lateral abdomen x-ray?

A
  • prevertebral space occupied by the abdominal aorta
  • any intra-abdominal calcifications or tumor masses
  • show proper placement of abdominal aorta aneurysm (AAA) grafts and other vascular interventional devices
36
Q

What are the structures shown in a AP supine and upright abdomen x-ray?

A
  • size and shape of the liver
  • spleen
  • kidneys
  • intra-abdominal calcifications
  • evidence of tumor masses
37
Q

What are the structures shown in a PA upright and AP left lateral decubitus abdomen x-ray?

A
  • size and shape of liver
  • spleen
  • kidneys
  • showing free air and fluid levels when standing upright is not possible
38
Q

What are the structures shown in a lateral dorsal decubitus abdomen x-ray?

A
  • prevertebral space
  • useful in determining air-fluid levels in the abdomen

Principles Of Radiography (RAD-104-81003) (12 decks)

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