Bones and Joints Flashcards
What do bones provide?
- attachment for muscles
- mechanical basis for movement
- protection for internal organs
- a frame to support the body
- storage for calcium, phosphorus, and other salts
- production of red and white blood cells
What are the 2 main groups of bones?
- axial skeleton
- appendicular skeleton
What are the shapes of bones?
- long
- short
- flat
- irregular
- sesamoid
Long bone characteristics
- only found in limbs
- provide support
- examples are humerus and femur
Short bone characteristics
- consist of mainly cancellous bone
- contain red marrow
- examples are carpal bones of the wrist and tarsal bones of ankles
Flat bones characteristics
- consist largely of two tables of compact bone
- contain diploe
- provide protection and allow muscle attachment
- examples are cranium bones, scapulae, and sternum
Irregular bone characteristics
- attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments
- attach to other bones to create joints
- examples are vertebrae and bones in the pelvis
Sesamoid bones characteristics
- small and oval
- develop inside and beside tendons
- can be fractured
- largest example is the patella
What is compact bone?
strong dense outer layer
What is spongy bone?
less dense inner layer
What is trabeculae?
network of interconnecting spaces; contains red and yellow marrow
What is the medullary cavity?
contains trabeculae filled with yellow marrow
What is periosteum?
tough, fibrous connective tissue that covers all bony surfaces except articular surfaces
What is endosteum?
tissue lining the medullary cavity
What are tubercles and tuberosities?
knob-like projections
What are foramina?
openings that blood vessels and nerves enter and exit from
What is ossification? What are the 2 processes?
- the term given to the development and formation of bones
- intermembranous ossification and endochondral ossification
What is intermembranous ossification?
bones that develop from fibrous membranes in the embryo and produce flat bones
What is endochondral ossification?
develop from hyaline cartilage in the embryo and produce short, irregular, and long bones
Define primary ossification
begins before birth and forms the entire bulk of short and irregular bones
Define secondary ossification
occurs after birth when a separate bone begins to develop at both ends of each long bone
What is diaphysis?
the long shaft of the bone
What is the epiphysis?
the ends of the bone
What are the functional classifications of joints?
- synarthroses: immovable joints
- amphiarthroses: slightly moveable joints
- diarthroses: freely moveable joints
What are the structural classifications of joints?
- fibrous joints
- cartilaginous joints
- synovial joints
Types of fibrous joints
- syndesmosis
- suture
- gomphosis
Types of cartilaginous joints
- symphysis
- synchondrosis
Types of synovial joints
- gliding
- hinge
- pivot
- ellipsoid
- saddle
- ball and socket
