Bones and Joints

Question 1

What do bones provide?

Answer 1

• attachment for muscles
• mechanical basis for movement
• protection for internal organs
• a frame to support the body
• storage for calcium, phosphorus, and other salts
• production of red and white blood cells

Question 2

What are the 2 main groups of bones?

Answer 2

• axial skeleton
• appendicular skeleton

Question 3

What are the shapes of bones?

Answer 3

• long
• short
• flat
• irregular
• sesamoid

Question 4

Long bone characteristics

Answer 4

• only found in limbs
• provide support
• examples are humerus and femur

Question 5

Short bone characteristics

Answer 5

• consist of mainly cancellous bone
• contain red marrow
• examples are carpal bones of the wrist and tarsal bones of ankles

Question 6

Flat bones characteristics

Answer 6

• consist largely of two tables of compact bone
• contain diploe
• provide protection and allow muscle attachment
• examples are cranium bones, scapulae, and sternum

Question 7

Irregular bone characteristics

Answer 7

• attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments
• attach to other bones to create joints
• examples are vertebrae and bones in the pelvis

Question 8

Sesamoid bones characteristics

Answer 8

• small and oval
• develop inside and beside tendons
• can be fractured
• largest example is the patella

Question 9

What is compact bone?

Answer 9

strong dense outer layer

Question 10

What is spongy bone?

Answer 10

less dense inner layer

Question 11

What is trabeculae?

Answer 11

network of interconnecting spaces; contains red and yellow marrow

Question 12

What is the medullary cavity?

Answer 12

contains trabeculae filled with yellow marrow

Question 13

What is periosteum?

Answer 13

tough, fibrous connective tissue that covers all bony surfaces except articular surfaces

Question 14

What is endosteum?

Answer 14

tissue lining the medullary cavity

Question 15

What are tubercles and tuberosities?

Answer 15

knob-like projections

Question 16

What are foramina?

Answer 16

openings that blood vessels and nerves enter and exit from

Question 17

What is ossification? What are the 2 processes?

Answer 17

• the term given to the development and formation of bones
• intermembranous ossification and endochondral ossification

Question 18

What is intermembranous ossification?

Answer 18

bones that develop from fibrous membranes in the embryo and produce flat bones

Question 19

What is endochondral ossification?

Answer 19

develop from hyaline cartilage in the embryo and produce short, irregular, and long bones

Question 20

Define primary ossification

Answer 20

begins before birth and forms the entire bulk of short and irregular bones

Question 21

Define secondary ossification

Answer 21

occurs after birth when a separate bone begins to develop at both ends of each long bone

Question 22

What is diaphysis?

Answer 22

the long shaft of the bone

Question 23

What is the epiphysis?

Answer 23

the ends of the bone

Question 24

What are the functional classifications of joints?

Answer 24

• synarthroses: immovable joints
• amphiarthroses: slightly moveable joints
• diarthroses: freely moveable joints

Question 25

What are the structural classifications of joints?

Answer 25

• fibrous joints
• cartilaginous joints
• synovial joints

Question 26

Types of fibrous joints

Answer 26

• syndesmosis
• suture
• gomphosis

Question 27

Types of cartilaginous joints

Answer 27

• symphysis
• synchondrosis

Question 28

Types of synovial joints

Answer 28

• gliding
• hinge
• pivot
• ellipsoid
• saddle
• ball and socket