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Principles Of Radiography (RAD-104-81003) > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Thoracic Cavity characteristics

A
  • bound by the walls of the thorax
  • extends from the superior thoracic aperture to inferior thoracic aperture
  • diaphragm separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity
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2
Q

What does the thoracic cavity contain?

A
  • lungs
  • heart
  • organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular, and lymphatic systems
  • thymus gland
  • inferior part of the esophagus
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3
Q

What are the chambers of the thoracic cavity?

A
  • single pericardial cavity (1)
  • right and left pleural cavity (2)
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4
Q

What is the mediastinum? What does it contain?

A
  • the space between the two pleural cavities
  • contain all thoracic structures expect the lungs and pleurae
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5
Q

What does the respiratory system consist of?

A
  • lungs
  • mouth
  • nose
  • pharynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
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6
Q

Trachea Characteristics

A
  • fibrous, muscular tissue
  • lies anterior to esophagus
  • filled with air in the x-ray
  • divides at carina into right and left primary bronchi
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7
Q

Right Primary Bronchus Characteristics

A
  • shorter, wider, and more vertical
  • foreign bodies are more able to enter
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8
Q

Alveoli Characteristics

A
  • each alveolar duct ends with alveolar sacs
  • oxygen and CO2 is exchanged by diffusion
  • millions of alveoli in each lung
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9
Q

Lungs Characteristics

A
  • apex reaches above the clavicles
  • rests obliquely on diaphragm
  • moves inferiorly during inspiration and superiorly during expiration
  • inner layer is the visceral pleura
  • outer layer is the parietal pleura
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10
Q

Thyroid Gland Characteristics

A
  • consists of two lateral lobes
  • connected at their lower thirds by the isthmus
  • isthmus lies in front of the upper part of the trachea
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11
Q

Parathyroid Glands Characteristics

A
  • small ovoid bodies
  • two on each side, superior and inferior
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12
Q

Pharynx Characteristics

A
  • located in front of vertebrae
  • located behind nose, mouth, and larynx
  • serves as a passage for air and food
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13
Q

Larynx Characteristics

A
  • organ of voice
  • the laryngeal prominence = adam’s apple
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14
Q

What are the structures in the mediastinum?

A
  • heart
  • great vessels
  • trachea
  • esophagus
  • thymus
  • lymphatics
  • nerves
  • fibrous tissues
  • fat
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15
Q

What are the general procedural guidelines for a chest x-ray?

A
  • patient preparation
  • general patient position
  • IR and collimation size
  • SID
  • ID markers
  • radiation protection
  • patient instructions
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16
Q

How do you prepare a patient for a chest x-ray?

A
  • remove clothing and artifacts from anatomy of interest
  • secure all belongings in a designated manner and location
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17
Q

What is the general patient position for a chest x-ray?

A
  • ambulatory patients: upright or seated erect
  • nonambulatory patients:
  • determine whether air fluid levels are critical to diagnosis
  • may have to substitute a decubitus if patient can’t be upright
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18
Q

What is the IR and collimation size for a chest x-ray?

A
  • lengthwise
  • 43cm x 35cm
19
Q

What is the SID for a chest x-ray? Why?

A
  • 72in
  • to minimize magnification of heart
20
Q

How should you shield a patient during a chest x-ray?

A

lead shield between between x-ray tube and patient’s pelvis

21
Q

What are the 4 reasons to do inspiration and expiration for chest x-rays?

A
  • demonstrates pneumothorax
  • diaphragm movement
  • presence of foreign body
  • atelectasis (collapsed lung)
22
Q

What are the essential projections for a chest x-ray?

A
  • AP
  • PA
  • lateral (right and left)
  • AP oblique (RPO and LPO)
  • PA oblique (RAO and LAO)
  • AP axial
23
Q

What is important to remember when doing a PA chest x-ray?

A
  • upright either standing or sitting
  • SID is 72in
  • chest is on the IR
  • top of the IR is 1 1/2 - 2 inches above the shoulder
  • CR enters midsagittal plane and level of T7, is perpendicular to IR, lines up to the spine
  • exposure is made after breathing in and holding
  • clavicles appear less straight
24
Q

What structures are shown in the PA chest x-ray?

A
  • air filled trachea
  • lungs
  • diaphragm
  • costophrenic angles
  • heart
  • aortic arch
  • clavicles
  • scapulae outside the lung fields
  • ribs
25
Q

Explain the procedure of a PA chest x-ray when it is a cardiac study with barium

A
  • barium is thicker than the barium used for the stomach so it goes down slower
  • patient holds barium in their mouth until time of exposure
  • patient takes a deep breath and then swallows barium, exposure is made at this time
26
Q

What is important to remember when doing a lateral chest x-ray?

A
  • upright either standing or sitting
  • side closest to IR is side on the image and names the type of lateral
  • left lateral is used to minimize magnification
  • top of the IR is 1 1/2 - 2 inches above the shoulder
  • midsagittal plane is parallel to IR
  • patient shouldn’t be leaning sideways or bending forward
  • CR enters midcoronal plane
  • exposure is made after breathing in and holding
27
Q

What are the structures shown in a lateral chest x-ray?

A
  • heart
  • aorta
  • left-sided pulmonary lesions (left lateral)
  • right-sided pulmonary lesions (right lateral)
  • posterior ribs
  • sternum
  • trachea
  • esophagus
  • hilar region
  • diaphragm
  • costophrenic angles
28
Q

What is important to remember when doing a PA oblique chest x-ray?

A
  • upright either standing or sitting
  • top of the IR is 1 1/2 - 2 inches above vertebra prominenes (C7)
  • side of interest is farther away
  • LAO side of interest: right
  • RAO side of interest: left
  • CR is perpendicular, enters at level of T7 (scapula)
  • exposure is made after breathing in again and holding
  • SID is 72 inches
29
Q

What structures are seen in a PA oblique chest x-ray?

A

LAO:
* maximum area of right lung field
* thoracic viscera
* anterior portion of left lung
* trachea
* heart
* aorta
RAO
* maximum area of left lung
* thoracic viscera
* anterior portion of right lung
* trachea
* when filled with barium the esophagus

30
Q

When doing a cardiac series for a PA oblique projection, what is the angle of the oblique?

A

55 to 60 degrees

31
Q

What is important to remember when doing a AP oblique projection?

A
  • upright either standing or sitting
  • top of the IR is 1 1/2 to 2 inches above the vertebra prominens
  • side of interest is close to IR
  • RPO side of interest: right
  • LPO side of interest: left
  • CR is perpendicular to IR
  • CR enters 3 inches below jugular notch (T2)
  • exposure is done after breathing in again and holding
  • SID is 72inches
32
Q

What are the structures shown in a AP Oblique projection?

A
  • lungs
  • trachea
  • bronchus
  • carina
  • vertebral column
  • heart
  • diaphragm
  • costophrenic angle
33
Q

What is important to remember when doing a AP chest x-ray?

A
  • supine if the patient is too sick or upright
  • top of the IR is 1 1/2 - 2 inches above the shoulders
  • might have to angle the tube caudad no more than 10 degrees
  • get as much distance as possible
  • 60 SID okay, but write it down
  • clavicles are straighter
  • if patient condition is okay, do the same position as PA chest
  • CR is perpendicular to IR and enters 3inches below jugular notch
  • exposure is made after breathing in again and holding
34
Q

What structures are seen in a AP chest x-ray?

A
  • horizontal clavicles
  • magnified heart and vessels
  • shorter lungs
  • trachea
35
Q

What is important to remember when doing a AP Axial projection in the lordotic position?

A
  • upright and ~1ft in front of the grid
  • top of the IR is 3inches above the shoulders
  • patient is leaning back until shoulders rest on grid
  • angle patient 15 to 20 degrees, CR is not angled
  • exposure done after breathing in again and holding
  • CR enters 3 to 4 cm below jugular notch
36
Q

What are the structures shown in the AP Axial Projection in the Lordotic Position?

A
  • entire apices
  • clavicles above apices and horizontal
37
Q

What is important to remember when doing a AP axial projection?

A
  • upright or supine
  • CR enters T2 and is angled 10 to 20 degrees cephalically and is perpendicular to IR
  • collimation is 24 x 30 cm
38
Q

What structures are shown in the AP Axial projection?

A

apices below clavicles

39
Q

What is important to keep in mind when doing a PA Axial projection?

A
  • upright, seated or standing
  • IR size: 24 x 30 cm and is centered at the level of the jugular notch
  • CR is 10 to 20 degrees cephalad
  • collimation is 24 x 30
  • patient position is the same as AP chest
40
Q

What structures are shown in PA Axial Projection?

A

apices above the clavicles

41
Q

What is important to remember when doing a AP or PA lateral decubitus position chest x-ray?

A
  • patient is lying either on their right or left side
  • to demonstrate fluid, patient should lie on their affected side
  • to demonstrate air, patient should lie on their unaffected side
  • top of the IR is 1 1/2 - 2inches above shoulders
  • place marker on whatever side is up and annotate whatever side is down
  • elevate patient body 2 to 3 inches if lying on affected side
  • extend arms over head
  • anterior or posterior side against the IR
  • CR is horizontal and perpendicular to the center of the IR and enters 3 inches below jugular notch for AP
    CR is horizontal and perpendicular to the center of IR and below T7 for PA
  • exposure is done after breathing in again and holding
42
Q

What structures are shown in AP or PA lateral decubitus positions?

A
  • fluid position
  • affected side from apex to costophrenic angle
43
Q

What is important to remember when doing lateral ventral or dorsal decubitus positions?

A
  • patient is prone or supine and elevated 2 to 3 inches
  • top of the IR is at level of thyroid cartilage
  • affected side is against the vertical grid
  • CR is horizontal and perpendicular to IR
  • dorsal decubitus: CR enters 3-4 inches below jugular notch
  • ventral decubitus: CR enters at T7
  • exposure is made after breathing in again and holding
44
Q

What structures are shown in the lateral ventral or dorsal decubitus positions?

A
  • shows a change in position of fluid
  • reveals pulmonary areas that are obscured by the fluid in standard projections

Principles Of Radiography (RAD-104-81003) (12 decks)

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