Chapter 4

Question 1

List characteristics of a pesticide that make it useful

Answer 1

-Reasonably easy to handle
-sufficiently safe to handle
-can be applied to reach the pest
-chemically stable so that it doesn’t lose effectiveness

Question 2

Define active ingredient

Answer 2

the substance that actually effects a pest

Question 3

define inert ingredients

Answer 3

make the product usable

Question 4

Define Formulation

Answer 4

combination of active and inert ingredients

Question 5

Differentiate between trade, common and chemical name

Answer 5

-trade, brand or product name is for advertising
-Chemical name identifies the chemical components
-Common names are used to describe lengthy chemical names such as DEET

Question 6

Discuss product trade and common names active ingredients and how they relate across different products

Answer 6

Trade names can describe different active ingredients with the same name across different products. Common names describe the same active ingredient but not the concentration or formulation of the pesticide as a whole. This makes for dangerous misunderstandings if the label is not read thoroughly.

Question 7

What is an emulsion

Answer 7

when one liquid is mixed into another as droplets such as oil in water

Question 8

Describe Emulsified Concentrates

Answer 8

one or more petroleum based solvent and an emulsifying agent (emulsifier) that allows the formulation to be mixed with water. 25-75% active ingredient. Very common.

Advantages
- easy to handle and transport
-not abrasive, will not plug screens and leave little residue

Disadvantages
- may be flammable
- high concentrations make calibration of the mixture difficult
-easily absorbed through the skin make them dangerous

Question 9

Describe Solutions

Answer 9

a solution of active ingredient and carrier

Question 10

Describe Wettable Powders

Answer 10

Powders that are mixed with water in order to spray

Advantages
- easy to store and transport
-excellent residual activity
-harder to absorb through skin

Disadvantages
- greater inhalation hazard
- may clog sprayer
- abrasive to parts and needs to agitated often

Question 11

Soluble powders

Answer 11

-form a solution instead of a suspension
-no agitation necessary
-active ingredient amount usually >50%
-all the adv. of WP but none of the disadv.
-still risk of inhalation and skin exposure
-uncommon because few active ingredients go into solution

Question 12

Flowable(F or L)

Answer 12

-combines characteristics of ECs and WPs
-impregnated clay
-require agitation
-abrasive
-disadv. similar to ECs

Question 13

Water Dispersible Granules (WDG) or
Dry Flowables (DF)

Answer 13

-like wettable powders
-need constant agitation
-high active ingredient concentration
-very similars to WPs except easier to handle

Question 14

Ready To Use Low Concentrate Solutions (RTU)

Answer 14

-no dilution
-small amount of active ingredient in solvent
-limited availability and hish cost
-good for structural pests, not good for plants

Question 15

Ultra Low Volume (ULV)

Answer 15

-very concentrated
-no agitation
-easy to handle store ad transport
-dangerous when contacting skin

Question 16

Invert Emulsions

Answer 16

-good for areas where no drift is required

Question 17

Aerosols (A)

Answer 17

-low percentage active ingredient

Question 18

(A) for smoke or fog generators

Answer 18

easy way to fill an enclosed space with pesticide such as a green house

Question 19

Dusts (D)

Answer 19

-10% or less active ingredient
-often applied to live stock and seeds or or in hard to reach places

Question 20

Granules (G)

Answer 20

-risk for birds
-easy to apply to soil but thats it
-can be used in aerial applications to penetrate vegetation or decrease drift

Question 21

Pellets(P)

Answer 21

-very similar to granules just have more uniform size

Question 22

Bait

Answer 22

exactly what you think and dont forget liquid bait

Question 23

pastes, gels and other injectable baits

Answer 23

pastes and gels used for structural pests

Question 24

microencapsulated materials

Answer 24

good for prolonged effectiveness and release
bad for bees

Question 25

Animal systemics

Answer 25

keep away blood bourne pests in animals

Question 26

What needs to be considered when choosing a formulation

Answer 26

-risks to you, environment and site
-do you have the necessary training and equipment
-equipment concerns such as agitation and abrasiveness
-how long is the pesticide effective after application
-can you use all of the product
-how easy is to handle and measure
-does it need a liquid carrier

Question 27

Where can the formulation be found on the label?

Answer 27

if not in the title then in the general info or directions for use

Question 28

What does 4EC mean?

Answer 28

4 pounds of active ingredient per gallon of Emulsified Concentrate

Question 29

What does 60WDG mean?

Answer 29

60% active ingredient by weight of water dispersible granule

Question 30

What is an Adjuvant?

Answer 30

Chemicals that are either premixed in the pesticide formulation or added to the spray tank to improve mixing, application or pesticidal performance

Question 31

surficants or wetting agents

Answer 31

-help spray droplets to spread out evenly on a leaf surface
-important when applying to waxy or hairy leaves
-too much can cause excessive runoff and decrease effectiveness

Question 32

Sticker

Answer 32

increases adhesion of solid particles to surfaces
-can decrease amount of runoff during rain events
-reduce evaporation
-reduce degradation from sunlight

Question 33

Extender

Answer 33

Function like stickers

Question 34

Plant penetrants

Answer 34

does what it says, some target certain plants tho

Question 35

Compatibility Agents

Answer 35

helps products mix without clumping

Question 36

Buffers and Acidifiers

Answer 36

Stabilize ph of the water prior to mixing

Question 37

Drift Control Additives

Answer 37

INCREASE DROPLET SIZE AND decrease propensity to drift

Question 38

Thickeners

Answer 38

control drift and decrease evaporation

Question 39

Defoaming Agents

Answer 39

does what it says

Question 40

Foaming agents

Answer 40

Helps control drift, helps get pesticide into small areas with even coverage

Question 41

Where to look for info about adjuvants to use

Answer 41

in the directions of use