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Comparative Anatomy > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothetical common ancestor between fish and tetrapods

A

Ancestral rhipidistian

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2
Q

General term for diverse group of oldest known vertebrates, extinct

Bony dermal armor of broad plates and smaller tile-like scales, no paired fins

No Jaws- could change pharyngeal shape to draw water in and out

A

Ostracoderms

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3
Q

Slime eels, marine, scavengers and parasitic, no buccal denticles

Clean whales and farmed for leather

A

Hagfishes

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4
Q

Buccal funnel with horny denticles and a toungelike cartilaginous rod with horny teeth

Mostly live in fresh water but some are andromedous

Live in sea and mate in water

A

Lamprey

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5
Q

Placoderms, heavily armored fishes

Extinct

Paired fins *analogues to other fins of fish

A

Gnathostomes

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6
Q

Covers gills

A

Operculum

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7
Q

Rat fish

Rat mouth and tail

Wings like a bird

A

Chimaera- holocephalons

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8
Q

Cartilaginous fishes (bone only in their unique placoid scales and their teeth)

Mouth usually ventral rather than terminal

A

Chrondrichthyes

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of chondrichthyes

A

Elasmobranches and holocephalans

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10
Q

Include extinct Paleozoic sharks, modern sharks (squaliformes), plus skates, rays and sawfishes (rajiformes), all have naked gill slits (no operculum) and heterocercal tails

A

Elasmobranches

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11
Q

What are heterocercal tails

A

Dorsal fin is longer than ventral fin

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12
Q

Chimaeras
Lack scales, fleshy operculum, upper jaw fused to braincase, bony plates instead of teeth to grind up food

A

Holocephalans

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13
Q

Member of teleostomi

Oldest Jawed fishes (extinct)

Head and body covered by bony dermal armour

Skeleton of bone and cartilage

Have operculum

Median and paired fins supported by hollow spines

A

Acanthodians

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14
Q

Member of teleostomi
Bony fishes characterized by having an air sac(lung or swim bladder) and by much dermal bone on the head and shoulder girdle

Group subdivided by structure of paired appendages (ray and lobe fins)

A

Osteichthyans

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15
Q

Ray finned fishes

True bony fishes w/ membranous fins from basal skeletal elements in body wall, no internal nares, bony operculum, swim bladder often present, blind sac sensory region that does not go into oral cavity

A

Actinopterygii

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16
Q

Oldest ray finned fishes

A

Basal actinopterygians

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17
Q

2 types of neopterygians

Part of the ray finned fishes

A

Holosteans and teleosts

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18
Q

Older group including the gars and bowfins

A

Holosteans

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19
Q

More recently evolved group, tail not heterocercal, scales less bony and more flexible, Jaws and palate more flexible, pelvic fins farther forward, occupy all aquatic niches 96% of all living fishes, great morphologic diversity

A

Teleosts

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20
Q

Rhipsidian

Shows where tetrapods may have come from

A

Lobe fin

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21
Q

Bony fishes, fleshy lobe at base of paired fins, internal nares that invaginates into oral cavity so they can breathe, oropharyngeal cavity, gas filled swim bladder, bony operculum

A

Sarcopterygii lobe finned fishes

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22
Q

Types of sarcoptergyii lobe finned fishes

A

Actinistians
Rhipsidians
Dipnoans

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23
Q

Extinct except for the colecanth latimeria

A

Actinistians

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24
Q

Tetrapod like appendage skeletal elements, amphibian like skull

A

Rhipsidians

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25
Q

True lung fishes

A

Dipnoans

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26
Q

Types of amphibia

A

Labyrinthodonts
Temnospondyls
Microsaurs
Lissamphibians

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27
Q

Lissamphibians

Includes 3 orders of extant amphibians

A

Apodans
Urodeles
Anurans

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28
Q

Extinct swamp dwellers, tooth dentin was completely folded, many features differed from modern amphibians (bony dermal scales in skin), fishlike tail, primitive fish like skull

A

Labryinthodonts

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29
Q

Extinct, some members had skeletal similarities to modern frogs and salamanders

A

Temnospondyls

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30
Q

Fossil forms with skeletal features of caecilians (burrowers)

A

Microsaurs

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31
Q

Limbless caecilians

No feet

A

Apodans

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32
Q

Includes the salamanders

Many have permanent gills perrenibrachiate

Retain gills even as an adult

A

Urodeles

33
Q

The tailless frogs and toads

Start with tails but lose with maturation

A

Anurans

34
Q

Derived from labyrinthodonts

Reptiles and synapsids

Process extraembryonic membranes

A

Amniotes

35
Q

From labyrinthodonts

Were ectothermic (cold blooded) and adapted for terrestrial existence

3 extraembryonic membranes that make up placenta (amnion, chorion, allantois)

Porous egg shell

Body surface covered w/ thick layer of cornified epidermal cells organized into overlapping scales

Neck and single occipital condyle

Pelvic girdle articulates w/ 2 vertebrae (stouter brace for more powerful hind limbs)

Claws on digits

New kidneys

Partial or complete left/right division of heart chambers

A

Reptilia sauropsida

36
Q

2 types of reptilia

A

Anapsids and diapsids

37
Q

Contains the turtles

No fossae in temporal region of skull

A

Anapsids

38
Q

2 temporal fossae

A

Diapsids

39
Q

2 types of diapsids

A

Lepidosaurs and archosaurs

40
Q

3 types of leipodosaurs

A

Rhynchocephalians
Squamates
Pleisosaurs and ichthyosaurs

41
Q

Primitive lizards

Only a single survivor remains
Tuatora and spenodon

A

Rhynchocephalians

42
Q

The scaly modern reptiles including lizards, snakes, and the snake like burrowing amphisibenians

A

Squamates

43
Q

Extinct marine reptiles with secondarily acquired single temporal fossa

A

Plesiosaurs and icthyosaurs

44
Q

Includes pterosaurs (bat like wings); saurischian (predatory carnivores) and ornithischian (bird like pelvis, herbivores) dinosaurs and living crocodilians

A

Archosaurs

45
Q

Has a pelvic girdle like ours

A

Predatory carnivores

46
Q

Pelvic girdle that points back

A

Pelvic girdle like birds

Ornithischian

47
Q

Reptike with porpoise shape

A

Ichthyosaur

48
Q

Also includes aves that are endothermic and have feathers plus many other modifications related to the development of flight
A) archaeornithes
B) neornithes

A

Archosaurs

49
Q

Extinct birds with modern like feathers, but long reptilian tail, and thecodont teeth

A

Archaeornithes

50
Q

Contains the extinct toothed marine birds and the marine toothless birds

A

Neornithes

51
Q

Single temporal fossae

Pelycosaurs> therapids from which the mammals emerged (based on skull and dentition similarities

A

Synapsids

52
Q

Synapsid skull
Hair
Mammary gland and nipples (not monotremes)
New lower jaw bone makeup and articulation
3 middle ear bones
Muscular diaphragm separating thoracic and abdominal cavities
Sweat glands (not all)
Absence of adult cloaca
Heterodont dentition (not toothed whales)
Only 2 sets of teeth
Biconcave and non-nucleated red blood cells
External ear
Development of cerebral cortex

A

Mammalia

53
Q

Agnatha 2 groups

A

Ostracoderms

Living agnathans: Hagfish and lamprey

54
Q

Gnathostomes

A

Placoderms

55
Q

Chondrichthyes

A

Elasmobranches
Holocephalans

56
Q

Teleostomi

A

Acanthodians
Osteichthyans

57
Q

Actinopterygii

A

Basal actinopterygians
Neopterygians: holosteans and teleosts

58
Q

Lays eggs, retain cloaca throughout life, no outer ear, testes stay within abdomen, brain lacks corpus callous, nonipples

Protheria

Platypus

A

Monotremata

59
Q

Young are born in an essentially larval state and then are incubated and nursed in maternal abdominal pouch of muscle and skin

Arose in North America-> Australia before its isolation

Metatheria
Parallel evolution

A

Marsupial

60
Q

Primitive and generalized mammals; most have flat- footed gait and generally undifferentiated dentition

A

Insectivora

61
Q

Particularly specialized insectivores (no incisor or canine teeth, cheek teeth lack enamel, large front claws for digging); includes the armadillos, sloths, and south American anteaters

A

Xenarthra

62
Q

Another group of anteaters (aardvarks), peglike teeth without enamel

A

Tubulidentata

63
Q

The toothless scaly (agglutinated hair) anteater (pangolin)

A

Pholidota

64
Q

Bats probably derived from primitive insectivore; wing (patagium) of skin stretched along forelimbs (four elongated fingers), body and hindlimbs

A

Chiroptera

65
Q

2 types of primates

A

Prosimians
Anthropoids

66
Q

Originally or still arboreal mammals that are derived from insectivore stock

Specializations: grasping hand(opposed thumb); nails instead of claws on some digits; often a prehensile tail; large cerebral hemispheres; shortened snout; forward looking eyes; one pair of nipples on thorax

A

Primates

67
Q

Contains the lemurs (small, nocturnal, tree stingers, long axis of head in line with long axis of body, non-prehensile tail), the lorises (slow moving, nocturnal, no tail, vestigial index finger), and the tarsiers (resemble higher primates more than the lemurs)

A

Prosimians

68
Q

Long axis of head set at right angles to the vertebral column

Divided into platyrrhines (New world, nostrils open to the side) and catarrhines (old world, nostrils close together and open downwards, no tail)

A

Anthropoids

69
Q

Rabbits, hares, and pikas with two pairs of incisors on upper jaw

A

Lagomorphs

70
Q

Largest mammalian order; with chisel-like incisors (single pair) but no canines(gap); and cellulose(plant) feeders

A

Rodentia

71
Q

Some are flesh eaters with powerful Jaws and large, sharp canine teeth (spearing and tearing)

Includes both terrestrial (fiddepedia) and marine (pinnepedia) carnivores

A

Carnivora

72
Q

Herbivores

Walk on the tips of their toes

A

Ungulates

73
Q

Horses and horse-like ungulates that walk with most weight borne on a single digit (mesaxonic foot)

A

Perrisodactyla

74
Q

Ruminant ungulates with most of their weight borne on two toes (paraxonic foot)

Cleft foot animals

A

Artiodactyla

75
Q

Subunguates with digits that end in small, flat hooves

A

Hyracoidea

76
Q

Elephants and related subunguates with incisors elongated into tusks

A

Proboscoidea

77
Q

Descendants of primitive ungulate stock

Chew on sea grass

A

Sirenia

78
Q

The permanently aquatic whales, dolphins, and porpoises

A

Cetacea

Comparative Anatomy (6 decks)

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