Chapter 2

Question 1

Repeated paired structures- may be homologous as a group between species, but not as individual elements

Answer 1

Serial homology

Question 2

Two structures that have the same functions in different species but are not homologues (coincidental resemblances)

Answer 2

Analogues

Question 3

Evolutionary history
Primary goal of systematics

Answer 3

Phylogeny

Question 4

How is a phylogeny represented?

Answer 4

Cladogram

Question 5

Change from a preexisting ancestral condition to a new derived condition

Answer 5

Evolution

Question 6

Derived condition that represents evolutionary novelty

Answer 6

Apomorphy

Question 7

Apomorphy that unites 2 or more lineages

Answer 7

Synamorphy

Question 8

Branching of cladogram represents lineage _________

Answer 8

Divergence

Question 9

Point of divergence of one clade into two, where the most recent common ancestor of the two divergent clades is located is called

Answer 9

Node

Question 10

Non molecular features like organ morphology, anatomy, embryology, palynology, reproductive bio

Answer 10

Morphological characters

Question 11

Phylogenetic analysis derived from genetic data such as DNA sequences

Answer 11

Molecular character

Question 12

Structures in 2 different species that arise from same embryonic precursor

Answer 12

Homologues

Question 13

Nonhomologous similarities

Answer 13

Homoplasy

Question 14

Metamerism may be homologous as a group between species, but not as individual elements

Our ribs match sharks but not the same from rib to rib

Answer 14

Serial homology

Question 15

Two structures that have the same functions in different species but are not homologues (coincidental)

Answer 15

Analogues

Question 16

Hereditary modification of a phenotype that increase the probability of survival due to selected mutational changes in genotype

Answer 16

Biological adaptation

Question 17

Already existing traits or structures that enable a phenotype to meet a new environmental challenge before it materializes

Answer 17

Preadaptation

Question 18

Formation of new species that results in inability to interbreed and is driven by genetic drift

Answer 18

Speciation

Question 19

When 2 or more unrelated species occupy the same environment (can be concurrent or millions of years apart) develop similar adaptive morphological trait

Answer 19

Evolutionary covergence

Question 20

Features common to all members of a major taxonomic group develop earlier in ontogeny than do special features that distinguish subdivisions of the group

Answer 20

Von Bauer’s Law

Question 21

Delevopmental history of an individual organism, embryo to death

Primary operant=genes

Answer 21

Ontogeny

Question 22

Evolutionary history of a taxon (group, species, family)

Primary operant= speciation

Answer 22

Phylogeny

Question 23

Better consideration of von bauer’s law

Features that develop earliest in ontogeny are the oldest phylogenetically, features that develop later are more recent phylogenetic origin

Answer 23

Biogenetic law

Question 24

Practice of ordering organisms into hierarchies (taxa) based on preselected criteria (morphological or molecular) and thereby yields classification

Answer 24

Systematics

Question 25

Life comes from preexisting life

Plants and animals are changing and the ones around us today are descendants of those here earlier

Answer 25

Organic evolution

Question 26

Theory of organic evolution can also be called

Answer 26

Theory of the mutability of species

Question 27

What is organic evolution or change driven by?

Answer 27

Selectivity

Or relative probability that candidate collections of genetic elements (genotype) will be passed on to the next generation