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Genetics > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

SRY Gene

A

the male-determining gene in humans

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2
Q

Number of Possible Genotypes

A

[n x (n+1)/2]

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3
Q

Autosomes

A

non-sex chromosomes; the same for males and females

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4
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

determines the sex in many organisms; differs between males and females

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5
Q

Heterogametic Sex

A

the sex that produces two types of gametes with respect to sex chromosomes

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6
Q

Homogametic Sex

A

The sex that produces gametes that are all alike with respect to sex chromosomes

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7
Q

Pseudomonal Region

A

small region of the X and Y chromosomes that contain homologous gene sequences

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8
Q

Genic Sex Determination

A

sex determination in which the sexual phenotype is specified by genotypes at one or more loci, but there are no obvious differences in the chromosomes of males and females

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9
Q

Turner Syndrome

A

human condition in which cells contain a single X chromosome and no Y chromosome (XO); female in appearance and underdeveloped female sex characteristics

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10
Q

Klinefelter Syndrome

A

human condition in which cells contain one or more Y chromosomes and multiple X chromosomes; male in appearance with small testes and reduced facial hair

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11
Q

Triple-X Syndrome

A

human condition in which cells contain three x chromosomes; female appearance, tendency to be tall and thin

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12
Q

Sex-Linked Characteristic

A

characteristic determined by a gene or genes on sex chromosomes

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13
Q

Hemizygous

A

possession of a single allele at a locus

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14
Q

Dosage Compensation

A

a mechanism to equalize the amount of protein produced by X-linked genes and autosomal genes

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15
Q

Barr Bodies

A

inactivated x chromosomes that appears as condenses, darkly staining body in the nuclei of most cells of female placental animals

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16
Q

Lyon Hypothesis

A

proposal by Mary Lyon that one X chromosome in each female cell becomes inactivated

17
Q

Complete Dominance

A

type of dominance in which the same phenotype is expressed in homozygotes (AA) and in heterozygotes (Aa); only the dominant allele in expressed in a heterozygote

18
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

type of dominance in which the phenotype of the heterozygote falls between the phenotypes of the two homozygotes

19
Q

Codominance

A

type of allelic interaction in which the heterozygote simultaneously expresses the phenotypes of both homozygotes

20
Q

Incomplete Penetrance

A

when the genotype does not always produce the expected phenotype

21
Q

Penetrance

A

percentage of individual organisms having a particular genotype that express the expected phenotype

22
Q

Expressivity

A

degree to which a trait is expressed

23
Q

Lethal Allele

A

allele that causes death at an early stage in development-often before birth-so that some genotypes do not appear among the progeny

24
Q

Compound Heterozygote

A

an individual that carries two different alleles at a locus that result in a recessive phenotype

25
Q

Gene Interaction

A

interaction between genes at different loci that affect the same characteristic

26
Q

Epistasis

A

type of gene interaction in which a gene at one locus masks or suppresses the effects of a gene at a different locus

27
Q

Epistatic Gene

A

gene that masks or suppresses the effect of a gene at a different locus

28
Q

Hypostatic Gene

A

gene that is masked or suppressed by the action of a gene at a different locus

29
Q

Complementation Test

A

test designed to determine whether two different mutations are at the same locus (allelic) or at different loci (nonallelic)

30
Q

Complementation

A

manifestation of two different mutations in the heterozygous condition as the wild-type phenotype; indicates that the mutations are at different loci

31
Q

Sex-influenced Characteristic

A

characteristic encoded by autosomal genes that are more readily expressed in one sex

32
Q

Sex-limited Characteristic

A

characteristic encoded by autosomal genes and expressed in only one sex

33
Q

Cytoplasmic Inheritance

A

inheritance of characteristics encoded by genes located in the cytoplasm; most cytoplasmically inherited characteristics are inherited only from one parent

34
Q

Genetic Maternal Effect

A

the phenotype of the offspring is determined by the genotype of the mother

35
Q

Genomic Imprinting

A

differential expression of a gene depending on whether it is inherited from the male or female parent

36
Q

Epigenetics

A

phenomena due to alterations in DNA that do not include changes in the base sequence

Genetics (12 decks)

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