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Genetics > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Prokaryote

A

unicellular organism with a relatively simple cell structure; includes bacteria and archaea

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2
Q

Eukaryote

A

organism that has a compartmentalized cell structure, including a nuclear envelope and membrane-bound organelles; can be uni or multicellular

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3
Q

Histone

A

protein found in eukaryotes that associate closely with DNA to form chromosomes

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4
Q

Chromatin

A

material found in the eukaryotic nucleus; consists of DNA and histone proteins

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5
Q

For successful cell reproduction:

A

its genetic information must be copies, the copies must be separated from each other, the cell must divide

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6
Q

Diploid

A

possessing two sets of chromosomes (two genomes)

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7
Q

Haploid

A

possessing a single set of chromosomes (one genome)

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8
Q

Centromere

A

serves as the attachment point for spindle microtubules

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9
Q

Telomeres

A

specific DNA sequences and associated proteins located at the tips of whole linear chromosomes

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10
Q

Origin of Replication

A

site where DNA replication is initiated

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11
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

two copies of a chromosomes that are held together at the centromere; each sister chromatid consists of a single molecule of DNA

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12
Q

G naught phase

A

stable, nondividing period of variable length

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13
Q

G1 phase

A

growth and development of the cell

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14
Q

S phase

A

synthesis of DNA

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15
Q

G2

A

preparation for division

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16
Q

Prophase

A

chromosomes condense, and mitotic spindle forms

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17
Q

Prometaphase

A

nuclear membrane disintegrates, and spindle microtubules anchor to kinetochores

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18
Q

Metaphase

A

chromosomes align on the metaphase plate; spindle-assembly checkpoint

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19
Q

Anaphase

A

sister chromatids separate, becoming individual chromosomes that migrate toward spindle poles

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20
Q

Telophase

A

chromosomes arrive at spindle poles, the nuclear membrane re-forms, and the condenses chromosomes relax

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21
Q

Cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm divides; cell wall forms in plant cells

22
Q

Synapsis

A

the fusion of chromosome pairs at the start of meiosis

23
Q

Tetrad

A

a homologous pair of synapsed chromosomes consisting of four chromosomes

24
Q

Crossing Over

A

exchange of genetic material between homologous but nonsister chromotids

25
Q

Prophase I

A

chromosomes condense, homologous chromosomes synapse, crossing over takes places, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and the mitotic spindle forms

26
Q

Metaphase I

A

homologous pairs of chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate

27
Q

Anaphase I

A

the two chromosomes of a homologous pair separate and move toward opposite poles

28
Q

Telophase I

A

chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles

29
Q

Cytokinesis

A

the cytoplasm divides to produce two cells, each having half the original number of chromosomes

30
Q

Interkinesis

A

in some types of cells, the spindle breaks down, chromosomes relax, and a nuclear membrane reforms, but no DNA synthesis takes place

31
Q

Prophase II

A

chromosomes recondense, the spindle reforms, and the nuclear membrane disintegrates

32
Q

Metaphase II

A

individual chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate

33
Q

Anaphase II

A

sister chromatids separate and move as individual chromosomes toward opposite spindle poles

34
Q

Telophase II

A

chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles; the spindle breaks down and a nuclear membrane reforms

35
Q

Cytokinesis

A

the cytoplasm divides

36
Q

Recombination

A

process that produces new combinations of alleles

37
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

production of gametes in a male animal; takes place in the testes

38
Q

Spermatogonia

A

diploid cell in the testis; capable of undergoing meiosis to produce a sperm

39
Q

Primary Spermatocyte

A

spermatogonium that has entered prophase I

40
Q

Secondary Spermatocyte

A

product of meiosis I in male animals

41
Q

Spermatid

A

immediate product of meiosis II in spermatogenesis; matures to sperm

42
Q

Oogenesis

A

the products of gametes in a female animal

43
Q

Oogonia

A

diploid cell in the ovary; capable of undergoing meiosis to produce an egg cell

44
Q

Primary Oocyte

A

oogonium that has entered prophase I

45
Q

Secondary Oocyte

A

one of the products of meiosis I in oogenesis; receives most the cytoplasm

46
Q

First Polar Body

A

one of the products of meiosis I in oogenesis; the smaller cell, which contains half the chromosomes but only a small part of the cytoplasm

47
Q

Ovum

A

the mature female gamete

48
Q

Second Polar Body

A

one of the products of meiosis II in oogenesis; contains a set of chromosomes but little of the cytoplasm

49
Q

Microsporocyte

A

diploid reproductive cell in the stamen of a plant; undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid microspores

50
Q

Microspore

A

haploid product of meiosis in plants

51
Q

Megasporocyte

A

diploid reproductive cell in the ovary of a plant that undergoes meiosis to product haploid megaspores

52
Q

Megaspore

A

One of the four products of meiosis in plants

Genetics (12 decks)

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