Chapter 4 Flashcards
Looks at how our brains process and react to the incredible overload presented to us by the world.
Cognition
A ________ can include a concept (what is a dog?) , a behavior, or a sequence of events?
Schema
________ is the process of classifying new information into existing schemata.
Assimilation
__________ is the process by which existing schemata are modified to encompass this new information.
Accommodation
The first stage of Piaget’s model is the ___________ _______ , starting at birth and lasting until about two years of age.
Sensorimotor stage
Infants in the sensory motor stage exhibit two types of behavior patterns called _____
Circular reactions
Repititions of body movements that originally ocurred by chance, such as sucking the thumb.
Primary circular reactions
Occur when manipulation is focused on something outside the body, such as repeatedly throwing toys from a high chair.
Secondary circular reactions
Key milestone that ends the sensorimotor stage is the development of ________ ________, which is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view.
Object permanence
Object permanence marks the beginning of ________ ________, in which the child has begun to create mental representations of external objects.
Representational thought
Piaget’s stage that lasts from about two - seven years of age and is characterized by symbolic thinking and egocentrism.
Preoperational stage
Refers to the ability to pretend, play make-believe, and have an immagination
Symbolic thinking
Refers to the inability to imagine what another person may think or feel.
Egocentrism
The understanding that the physical amount remains the same, even if there is a change in shape or appearance.
Conservation
The tendency to focus on only one aspect of a phenomenon, for example, the number of slices, while ignoring other important elements.
Centration
Piaget’s stage that lasts form about seven - eleven years of age in which a child can understand conversation and consider the perspectives of others.
Concrete operational stage
Piaget’s stage that starts around eleven years old, and is marked by the ability to think logically about abstract ideas. This stage is marked with the ability to reason about abstract concepts and problem solve.
Formal operational stage
__________ _________ consists of solving new or novel problems, possibly using creative methods. Figuring out how to navigate a new video game, for example. Peaks in early adulthood and declines as we age.
Fluid intelligence
_________ _________ is more related to solving problems using acquired knowledge, and often can be procedural. Peaks at middle adulthood and remains stable with age.
Crystallized intelligence
Less sophisticated type of problem solving in which various solutions are tried until one is found that seems to work.
Trial and error
An _________ is a formula or procedure for solving a certain type of problem. Usually designed to automatically produce the desired solution.
Algorithm
Takes a set of general rules and draws conclusions from the information given.
Deductive reasoning (top-down)
Seeks to create a theory via generalizations. This type of reasoning starts with specific instances, and then draws a conclusion from them.
Inductive reasoning (bottom-up)
The __________ _________ is used for making decisions based on how much a particular item or situation fits a given prototype or sterotype.
Representative heuristic
Simplified principles used to make decisions; they are colloquially called “rules of thumb”
Heuristics
The ________ _________ is used for making decisions based on how easily similar instances can be imagined.
Availability heuristic
Is the tendency to focus on information that fits an individual’s beliefs, while rejecting information that goes against them.
Confirmation bias
Confirmation bias also contributes to __________, or a tendency to erroneously interpret one’s decisions, knowledge, and beliefs as infallible.
Overconfidence
The tendency for people to overestimate their ability to predict the outcome of events that already happened.
Hindsight bias
The ability to act on perceptions that may not be supported by available evidence.
Intuition
Intuition can be more accurately described by the __________ ________ ________: the doctors brain is actually sorting through a wide variety of information to match a pattern.
Recognition-primed decision model
Gardner’s seven types of intelligence:
Linguistic Logical-mathematical Musical Visual-spatial Bodily-kinesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal
Disorder that refer to the difficulty of falling asleep, staying asleep, or avoiding sleep include ____________, such as insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and sleep deprivation
Dyssomnias
Disorder that consists of abnormal behavior or movements during sleep such as night terrors and sleepwalking
Parasomnias
Sleep-wake disorders occur during NREM sleep and are called:
Dyssomnias and parasomnias
Consciousness-altering drugs are grouped by effect into:
Depressants
Stimulants
Opiates
Hallucinogens
_________ include alcohol, barbituates, and benzodiazepines.
Depressants
What can promote or mimic GABA activity in the brain?
Depressants
___________ includes amphetamines, cocaine, ecstacy.
Stimulants
What type of drug increases dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin concentration at the synaptic cleft?
Stimulants
__________ and ________ include heroin, morphine, opium, and prescription pain medicatinos such as oxycodone and hydrocodone. They can cause death and respiratory depression.
Opiates, Opioids
_________ include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), peyote, mescaline, ketamine, and psilocybin-containing mushrooms
Hallucinogens
___________ has depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic effects. Its active ingrediant is tetranhydrocannabinol.
Marijuana
Drug addiction is mediated by the _________ _______. Dopamine is the main neurotransmitter in this pathway (think the reward center).
mesolimbic pathway
_________ ________ allows one to pay attention to a particular stimulus while determining if additional stimuli in the background require attention.
Selective attention
_________ _________ uses automatic processing to pay attention to multiple activities at one time.
Divided attention
Refers to the actual sound of speach
Phonology
Refers to the building blocks of words, such as rules for pluralization (s), past tense, and so forth
Morphology
Refers to the meaning of words
Semantics
Refers to the rules dictating word order
Syntax
Refers to the changes in language delivery depending on context
Pragmatics
________ _________studies how individuals interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures, and other symbols. A nod is thus a symbol in many cultures that signifies “yes.”
Symbolic interactionism
