Chapter 4

Question 1

Looks at how our brains process and react to the incredible overload presented to us by the world.

Answer 1

Cognition

Question 2

A ________ can include a concept (what is a dog?) , a behavior, or a sequence of events?

Answer 2

Schema

Question 3

________ is the process of classifying new information into existing schemata.

Answer 3

Assimilation

Question 4

__________ is the process by which existing schemata are modified to encompass this new information.

Answer 4

Accommodation

Question 5

The first stage of Piaget’s model is the ___________ _______ , starting at birth and lasting until about two years of age.

Answer 5

Sensorimotor stage

Question 6

Infants in the sensory motor stage exhibit two types of behavior patterns called _____

Answer 6

Circular reactions

Question 7

Repititions of body movements that originally ocurred by chance, such as sucking the thumb.

Answer 7

Primary circular reactions

Question 8

Occur when manipulation is focused on something outside the body, such as repeatedly throwing toys from a high chair.

Answer 8

Secondary circular reactions

Question 9

Key milestone that ends the sensorimotor stage is the development of ________ ________, which is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view.

Answer 9

Object permanence

Question 10

Object permanence marks the beginning of ________ ________, in which the child has begun to create mental representations of external objects.

Answer 10

Representational thought

Question 11

Piaget’s stage that lasts from about two - seven years of age and is characterized by symbolic thinking and egocentrism.

Answer 11

Preoperational stage

Question 12

Refers to the ability to pretend, play make-believe, and have an immagination

Answer 12

Symbolic thinking

Question 13

Refers to the inability to imagine what another person may think or feel.

Answer 13

Egocentrism

Question 14

The understanding that the physical amount remains the same, even if there is a change in shape or appearance.

Answer 14

Conservation

Question 15

The tendency to focus on only one aspect of a phenomenon, for example, the number of slices, while ignoring other important elements.

Answer 15

Centration

Question 16

Piaget’s stage that lasts form about seven - eleven years of age in which a child can understand conversation and consider the perspectives of others.

Answer 16

Concrete operational stage

Question 17

Piaget’s stage that starts around eleven years old, and is marked by the ability to think logically about abstract ideas. This stage is marked with the ability to reason about abstract concepts and problem solve.

Answer 17

Formal operational stage

Question 18

__________ _________ consists of solving new or novel problems, possibly using creative methods. Figuring out how to navigate a new video game, for example. Peaks in early adulthood and declines as we age.

Answer 18

Fluid intelligence

Question 19

_________ _________ is more related to solving problems using acquired knowledge, and often can be procedural. Peaks at middle adulthood and remains stable with age.

Answer 19

Crystallized intelligence

Question 20

Less sophisticated type of problem solving in which various solutions are tried until one is found that seems to work.

Answer 20

Trial and error

Question 21

An _________ is a formula or procedure for solving a certain type of problem. Usually designed to automatically produce the desired solution.

Answer 21

Algorithm

Question 22

Takes a set of general rules and draws conclusions from the information given.

Answer 22

Deductive reasoning (top-down)

Question 23

Seeks to create a theory via generalizations. This type of reasoning starts with specific instances, and then draws a conclusion from them.

Answer 23

Inductive reasoning (bottom-up)

Question 24

The __________ _________ is used for making decisions based on how much a particular item or situation fits a given prototype or sterotype.

Answer 24

Representative heuristic

Question 25

Simplified principles used to make decisions; they are colloquially called “rules of thumb”

Answer 25

Heuristics

Question 26

The ________ _________ is used for making decisions based on how easily similar instances can be imagined.

Answer 26

Availability heuristic

Question 27

Is the tendency to focus on information that fits an individual’s beliefs, while rejecting information that goes against them.

Answer 27

Confirmation bias

Question 28

Confirmation bias also contributes to __________, or a tendency to erroneously interpret one’s decisions, knowledge, and beliefs as infallible.

Answer 28

Overconfidence

Question 29

The tendency for people to overestimate their ability to predict the outcome of events that already happened.

Answer 29

Hindsight bias

Question 30

The ability to act on perceptions that may not be supported by available evidence.

Answer 30

Intuition

Question 31

Intuition can be more accurately described by the __________ ________ ________: the doctors brain is actually sorting through a wide variety of information to match a pattern.

Answer 31

Recognition-primed decision model

Question 32

Gardner’s seven types of intelligence:

Answer 32

``` Linguistic Logical-mathematical Musical Visual-spatial Bodily-kinesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal ```

Question 33

Disorder that refer to the difficulty of falling asleep, staying asleep, or avoiding sleep include ____________, such as insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and sleep deprivation

Answer 33

Dyssomnias

Question 34

Disorder that consists of abnormal behavior or movements during sleep such as night terrors and sleepwalking

Answer 34

Parasomnias

Question 35

Sleep-wake disorders occur during NREM sleep and are called:

Answer 35

Dyssomnias and parasomnias

Question 36

Consciousness-altering drugs are grouped by effect into:

Answer 36

Depressants Stimulants Opiates Hallucinogens

Question 37

_________ include alcohol, barbituates, and benzodiazepines.

Answer 37

Depressants

Question 38

What can promote or mimic GABA activity in the brain?

Answer 38

Depressants

Question 39

___________ includes amphetamines, cocaine, ecstacy.

Answer 39

Stimulants

Question 40

What type of drug increases dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin concentration at the synaptic cleft?

Answer 40

Stimulants

Question 41

__________ and ________ include heroin, morphine, opium, and prescription pain medicatinos such as oxycodone and hydrocodone. They can cause death and respiratory depression.

Answer 41

Opiates, Opioids

Question 42

_________ include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), peyote, mescaline, ketamine, and psilocybin-containing mushrooms

Answer 42

Hallucinogens

Question 43

___________ has depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic effects. Its active ingrediant is tetranhydrocannabinol.

Answer 43

Marijuana

Question 44

Drug addiction is mediated by the _________ _______. Dopamine is the main neurotransmitter in this pathway (think the reward center).

Answer 44

mesolimbic pathway

Question 45

_________ ________ allows one to pay attention to a particular stimulus while determining if additional stimuli in the background require attention.

Answer 45

Selective attention

Question 46

_________ _________ uses automatic processing to pay attention to multiple activities at one time.

Answer 46

Divided attention

Question 47

Refers to the actual sound of speach

Answer 47

Phonology

Question 48

Refers to the building blocks of words, such as rules for pluralization (s), past tense, and so forth

Answer 48

Morphology

Question 49

Refers to the meaning of words

Answer 49

Semantics

Question 50

Refers to the rules dictating word order

Answer 50

Syntax

Question 51

Refers to the changes in language delivery depending on context

Answer 51

Pragmatics

Question 52

________ _________studies how individuals interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures, and other symbols. A nod is thus a symbol in many cultures that signifies “yes.”

Answer 52

Symbolic interactionism