Chapter 3

Question 1

Repeat exposure to the same stimulus can cause a decrease in response

Answer 1

Habituation

Question 2

Defined as the recovery of a response to a stimulus after habituation has ocurred

Answer 2

Dishabituation

Question 3

The creation of a pairing, or associaiton, either between two stimuli or between a behavior and a response. There are two kinds of this learning: Classical and Operant conditioning

Answer 3

Associative Learning

Question 4

Type of associative learning that takes advantage of biological, instictual responses to create associations between two unrelated stimuli.

Answer 4

Classical conditioning

Question 5

Type of associative learning where behavior is changed through the use of consequences

Answer 5

Operant conditioning

Question 6

_________ increases the likelihood of a behavior.

Answer 6

Reinforcement

Question 7

_________ decreases the likelihood of a behavior.

Answer 7

Punishment

Question 8

Reinforcement schedule that reinforces the first instance of a behavior after a specified time period has elapsed. (Like earning salary every 2 weeks)

Answer 8

Fixed-Interval (FI) schedules

Question 9

Reinforcement schedule that reinforces a behavior after a specific number of performances of that behavior. For example, rewarding a rat with a food pellet every two times it presses a lever. Continuous reinforcement is this type of schedule in which the behavior is rewarded every time it is performed.

Answer 9

Fixed ratio (FR) schedules

Question 10

Reinforcement schedule that reinforces the behavior after a varying number of performances of the behavior, but such that the average number of performances to receive a reward is relatively constant.

Answer 10

Variable-ratio (VR) schedules

Question 11

Reinforcement schedule that reinforces a behavior the first time that behavior is performed after a varying interval of time.

Answer 11

Variable-interval (VI) schedules

Question 12

The process of learning a new behavior or gaining information by watching others.

Answer 12

Observational learning

Question 13

Neurons that fire both when an individual performs an action and when that individual observes someone else performing that action. These Neurons can also begin to fire both when we experience an emotion and also when we observe another experiencing the same emotion.

Answer 13

Mirror neurons

Question 14

Information gained without any effort is ______ _______.

Actively working and putting in effort to gain information is known as _________ _______.

Answer 14

Automatic processing

Controlled processing

Question 15

Refers to the process of putting new information into memory

Answer 15

Encoding

Question 16

When we visualize something

Answer 16

Visual encoding

Question 17

When we store the way something sounds

Answer 17

Acoustic encoding

Question 18

When we link something to knowledge that is already in memory

Answer 18

Elaborative encoding

Question 19

When we put information into meaningful context

Answer 19

Semantic encoding

Question 20

Putting meaningful context (semantic encoding) into the context of our own lives

Answer 20

Self-reference effect

Question 21

Where is short-term memory and working memory housed/supported?

Answer 21

The hippocampus

Question 22

_______ and _______ memory are transient and are based on neurotransmitter activity.

Answer 22

Sensory and short-term

Question 23

_________ memory requires short-term memory, attention, and exectuive function to manipulate information.

Answer 23

Working

Question 24

_________ memory requires elaborative rehearsal and is the result of increased neuronal connectivity.

Answer 24

Long-term

Question 25

Two types of long-term memory

Answer 25

Implicit and Explicit

Question 26

Memory that consists of our skills, habits, and conditioned responses, none of which need to be consciously recalled. Ex: making a sandwhich, brushing teeth, writing your name.

Answer 26

Implicit Memory (aka Nondeclarative memory)

Question 27

Memory that consists of those memories that require conscious recall. Ex: How to change a car tire

Answer 27

Explicit memory (aka Declarative memory)

Question 28

Explicit memory can be divided into ________ _______ and _______ _______.

Answer 28

episodic memory and semantic memory

Question 29

What type of memory refers to the recollection of life experiences?

Answer 29

Episodic memory

Question 30

What type of memory refers to ideas, concepts, or facts that we know, but are not tied to specific life experiences.

Answer 30

Semantic memory

Question 31

Implicit memory involves _______ ______ which relates to our unconscious memory of the skills required to complete procedural tasks.

Answer 31

Procedural memory

Question 32

The name given to the process of demonstrating that something that has been learned has been retained.

Answer 32

Retrieval

Question 33

The process of merely identifying a piece of information that was previously learned.

Answer 33

Recognition

Question 34

Common retrieval clue where memory is aided by being in the physical location where encoding took place.

Answer 34

Context effect

Question 35

The tendency to remember early and late items in the list is known as the ________ ______.

Answer 35

Primacy/recency effect

Question 36

A significant loss of memorized information is ________.

The inability to remember where, when, or how one has obtained knowledge is called ________ _______.

Answer 36

Amnesia

Source amnesia

Question 37

A loss of cognitive function

Answer 37

Dementia

Question 38

One common phenomenon that occurs in individuals with middle to late stage Alzheimer’s is __________, an increase in dysfunction in the late afternoon and evening.

Answer 38

Sundowning

Question 39

The loss of previously formed memories

Answer 39

Retrograde amnesia

Question 40

The inability to form new memories

Answer 40

Anterograde amnesia

Question 41

Memory loss caused by thiamine deficiency in the brain. This disorder is marked by both retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia

Answer 41

Korsakoff’s syndrome

Question 42

The loss of the ability to recgnize objects, people, or sounds, though usually only one of the three.

Answer 42

Agnosia (can be caused by trauma, stroke, or disorder)

Question 43

Where a person’s recall of an event becomes less accurate due to the injection of outside information into the memory.

Answer 43

Misinformation effect

Question 44

As our brains develop, neural connections form rapidly in response to stimuli via a phenomenon called __________. This declines as we age.

Answer 44

Neuroplasticity

Question 45

_________ _______ is the strengthening of neuronal connections resulting from increased neurotransmitter release and adding of receptor sites. This is responsible for the conversion of short-term to long-term memory.

Answer 45

Long-term potentiation

Question 46

Through this process, as we grow older, weak neural connections are broken while strong ones are bolstered, increasing the efficiency of our brains’ ability to process information.

Answer 46

Synaptic pruning

Question 47

Is the process by which similar stimuli can produce the same conditioned response. (Ex: feeling nauseated when smelling citrus after previously being food poisoned by an orange)

Answer 47

Generalization

Question 48

A situation in which learning new information causes someone to forget old information

Answer 48

Retroactive interference