Chapter 3 Flashcards
Repeat exposure to the same stimulus can cause a decrease in response
Habituation
Defined as the recovery of a response to a stimulus after habituation has ocurred
Dishabituation
The creation of a pairing, or associaiton, either between two stimuli or between a behavior and a response. There are two kinds of this learning: Classical and Operant conditioning
Associative Learning
Type of associative learning that takes advantage of biological, instictual responses to create associations between two unrelated stimuli.
Classical conditioning
Type of associative learning where behavior is changed through the use of consequences
Operant conditioning
_________ increases the likelihood of a behavior.
Reinforcement
_________ decreases the likelihood of a behavior.
Punishment
Reinforcement schedule that reinforces the first instance of a behavior after a specified time period has elapsed. (Like earning salary every 2 weeks)
Fixed-Interval (FI) schedules
Reinforcement schedule that reinforces a behavior after a specific number of performances of that behavior. For example, rewarding a rat with a food pellet every two times it presses a lever. Continuous reinforcement is this type of schedule in which the behavior is rewarded every time it is performed.
Fixed ratio (FR) schedules
Reinforcement schedule that reinforces the behavior after a varying number of performances of the behavior, but such that the average number of performances to receive a reward is relatively constant.
Variable-ratio (VR) schedules
Reinforcement schedule that reinforces a behavior the first time that behavior is performed after a varying interval of time.
Variable-interval (VI) schedules
The process of learning a new behavior or gaining information by watching others.
Observational learning
Neurons that fire both when an individual performs an action and when that individual observes someone else performing that action. These Neurons can also begin to fire both when we experience an emotion and also when we observe another experiencing the same emotion.
Mirror neurons
Information gained without any effort is ______ _______.
Actively working and putting in effort to gain information is known as _________ _______.
Automatic processing
Controlled processing
Refers to the process of putting new information into memory
Encoding
When we visualize something
Visual encoding
When we store the way something sounds
Acoustic encoding
When we link something to knowledge that is already in memory
Elaborative encoding
When we put information into meaningful context
Semantic encoding
Putting meaningful context (semantic encoding) into the context of our own lives
Self-reference effect
Where is short-term memory and working memory housed/supported?
The hippocampus
_______ and _______ memory are transient and are based on neurotransmitter activity.
Sensory and short-term
_________ memory requires short-term memory, attention, and exectuive function to manipulate information.
Working
_________ memory requires elaborative rehearsal and is the result of increased neuronal connectivity.
Long-term
Two types of long-term memory
Implicit and Explicit
Memory that consists of our skills, habits, and conditioned responses, none of which need to be consciously recalled. Ex: making a sandwhich, brushing teeth, writing your name.
Implicit Memory (aka Nondeclarative memory)
Memory that consists of those memories that require conscious recall. Ex: How to change a car tire
Explicit memory (aka Declarative memory)
Explicit memory can be divided into ________ _______ and _______ _______.
episodic memory and semantic memory
What type of memory refers to the recollection of life experiences?
Episodic memory
What type of memory refers to ideas, concepts, or facts that we know, but are not tied to specific life experiences.
Semantic memory
Implicit memory involves _______ ______ which relates to our unconscious memory of the skills required to complete procedural tasks.
Procedural memory
The name given to the process of demonstrating that something that has been learned has been retained.
Retrieval
The process of merely identifying a piece of information that was previously learned.
Recognition
Common retrieval clue where memory is aided by being in the physical location where encoding took place.
Context effect
The tendency to remember early and late items in the list is known as the ________ ______.
Primacy/recency effect
A significant loss of memorized information is ________.
The inability to remember where, when, or how one has obtained knowledge is called ________ _______.
Amnesia
Source amnesia
A loss of cognitive function
Dementia
One common phenomenon that occurs in individuals with middle to late stage Alzheimer’s is __________, an increase in dysfunction in the late afternoon and evening.
Sundowning
The loss of previously formed memories
Retrograde amnesia
The inability to form new memories
Anterograde amnesia
Memory loss caused by thiamine deficiency in the brain. This disorder is marked by both retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia
Korsakoff’s syndrome
The loss of the ability to recgnize objects, people, or sounds, though usually only one of the three.
Agnosia (can be caused by trauma, stroke, or disorder)
Where a person’s recall of an event becomes less accurate due to the injection of outside information into the memory.
Misinformation effect
As our brains develop, neural connections form rapidly in response to stimuli via a phenomenon called __________. This declines as we age.
Neuroplasticity
_________ _______ is the strengthening of neuronal connections resulting from increased neurotransmitter release and adding of receptor sites. This is responsible for the conversion of short-term to long-term memory.
Long-term potentiation
Through this process, as we grow older, weak neural connections are broken while strong ones are bolstered, increasing the efficiency of our brains’ ability to process information.
Synaptic pruning
Is the process by which similar stimuli can produce the same conditioned response. (Ex: feeling nauseated when smelling citrus after previously being food poisoned by an orange)
Generalization
A situation in which learning new information causes someone to forget old information
Retroactive interference
