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Principle of Bio > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell Theory

A

All organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and functions, cells come only from preexisting cells (self-reproducing)

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2
Q

Surface-area-to-volume ratio

A

As cells increase size, surface area becomes inadequate to exchange materials (smaller size = goood)

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3
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

Lack membrane-bound nucleus. Located in Bacteria and Archea domains

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4
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

Posses a nucleus, belongs in Eukarya domain

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5
Q

Cell envelope

A

Consists of plasma membrane, the cell wall, and glycolyx

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6
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins. Regulates entrance and exits of subtances

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7
Q

Mesosomes

A

Found in prokaryotic cells, plasma membrane can form this. Increases internal surface area

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8
Q

Cell Wall

A

maintains shape of the cells

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9
Q

Glycocalyx

A

a layer of polysaccharides. If the layer is well organized it is called a capsule. Helps bacteria attach to surfaces

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10
Q

Cytoplasm

A

A semifluid solution composed of water and inorganic and organic molecules encased by plasma membrane

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11
Q

Ribosomes

A

Prokaryotic DNA synthesized on tiny structures. Still contain RNA and protein in two subunits.

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12
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Bacteria that is capable of photosynthesis in the same manner as plants

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13
Q

Thylakoids

A

Chlorophyll and other pigments absorb solar energy for production of carbohydrates. Third membrane of chloroplasts

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14
Q

External Structures of Prokaryotic

A

Flagella, Fimbriae, and Pili. Made up of protein

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15
Q

Flagella

A

Pushes the cell forward, like a tail

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16
Q

Fimbriae

A

Hairlike bristles that allow adhesion to surfaces

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17
Q

Conjugation Pili

A

Rigid, tubular structures used by prokaryotes to pass DNA from cell to cell

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18
Q

Organelles

A

Distingushes Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells, internal membrane-bound compartments

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19
Q

Origin of Eukaryotic Cells

A

First cells were prokaryotics, then evolved to be Eukaryotic.

20
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory

A

Theory that states how Eukaryotic Cells came to be and the importance of mitochondria and chloroplasts origin

21
Q

Vesicles

A

Membranous sacs that enclose the molecules and keep them seperate from cytoplasm

22
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Serves as ‘tracks’ for the vesicles. Similar to a 3D road system inside the cell

23
Q

Cellulose

A

Found in plant cells, therefore they have a different composition from the bacteria cell wall

24
Q

Nucleus

A

Essential to life and function of Eukaroytic cells. Contains genetic info (DNA)

25
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

Semifluid matrix found within the interior of the nucleus

26
Q

Chromatin

A

Combo of proteins and nucleic acids

27
Q

Chromosomes

A

Originated from Chromatin, but they coiled into rodlike structures. Carries DNA and Genes

28
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

A double membrane which seperates the nucleaus and cytoplasm

29
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

Acts as gatekeepers to regulate what goes in and out

30
Q

Endomembrane System consists of

A

Nuclear envelope, membranes of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and vesicles

31
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

System of membranous channels and saccules. Consists of smooth ER and rough ER

32
Q

Rough ER

A

Studded with ribosomes outside the membrane that faces cytoplasm. Can produce proteins. Form vesicles to transport

33
Q

Smooth ER

A

Does not have attached ribosomes. Increased smooth ER helps produced more lipids. Form vesicles to transport

34
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Made up of stacked, slightly curved, flattened succles. One side is directed towards ER, other side is directed towards plasma membrane. Vesicles from smooth / rough ER are received by Golgi.

35
Q

Lysosomes

A

Vesicles produced by Golgi. Assist in digestion material in cells into subunits that are exported or recycled

36
Q

Microbodies

A

Variety of membrane-bound vesicles within Eukaryotic cells. Contain special enzymes to preform specific functions (peroxisome)

37
Q

Peroxisome

A

Example of a microbody, a vesicle that break down fatty acids. Assistants to other organelles. Also found in plant cells, they can carry out an opposite reaction to photosynthesis

38
Q

Vacuoles

A

Membranous sacs that store substances. Mainly found in fat cells and are essential to plant function.

39
Q

Central Vacuole

A

In plant cells, can take up to 90% volume in the cell. Provides structual support and helps produce more cytoplasm with increased size.

40
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Uses solar energy to synthesize carbohydrates during photosynthesis. Has a 3 membrane system

41
Q

Mitochondria

A

Breaks down carbohydrates products to produce ATP during cellular respiration

42
Q

Stroma

A

A semifluid enclosed by a double membrane, found in chloroplasts.

43
Q

Plastids

A

Plant organelles that are surrounded by a double membrane with varied functions

44
Q

Mitochondira

A

Placed where energy is most needed. Have two membranes. Produce the most ATP

45
Q

Cristae

A

Inner membrane of mitochondria, encloses semifluid matrix

46
Q

Cytoskeleton importance

A

Cell shape, movement, internal transport. Contains filaments which help for shape and movement. Responds to change

47
Q

Actin Filaments

A

thin, flexiable fibers

Principle of Bio (11 decks)

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