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BIO 2451 Lab > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

is the structural and functional unit of all living things

A

cell

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2
Q

contains genetic material, DNA, sections of which are called genes

A

nucleus

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3
Q

the control center of the cell, is necessary for cell reproduction

A

nucleus

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4
Q

genetic material that is loosely dispersed throughout the nucleus in a threadlike form

A

chromatin

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5
Q

chromatin that has coiled and condensed forming dense, rodlike bodies

A

chromosomes

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6
Q

small spherical bodies within the nucleus composed primarily of proteins and RNA

A

nucleoli

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7
Q

assembly sites for ribosomes that are particularly abundant in the cytoplasm

A

nucleoli

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8
Q

surrounds the nucleus; is double layered porous membrane

A

nuclear envelope

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9
Q

the nuclear envelope has large ___ ____ that regulate what passes through

A

nuclear pores

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10
Q

separates the cell contents from the surrounding environment, providing a protective barrier

A

plasma membrane

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11
Q

membrane that is a bilayer of phospholipid molecules in which the protein molecules float

A

plasma membrane

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12
Q

the plasma membrane is selective about what passes through it, this is known as

A

selective permeability

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13
Q

tiny fingerlike projections/folds

A

microvilli

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14
Q

organelles translates to

A

small organs

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15
Q

Tiny spherical bodies composed of RNA and protein; floating free or attached to a membranous structure (the rough ER) in the cytoplasm. Actual sites of protein synthesis.

A

ribosomes

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16
Q

membranous system of tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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17
Q

studded with ribosomes, tubules of this organelle provide area for storage and transport of the proteins made on the ribosomes to other cell areas

A

rough ER

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18
Q

no function of protein synthesis, is the site of steroid and lipid synthesis, lipid metabolism, and drug detoxification

A

smooth ER

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19
Q

stack of flattened sacs with bulbous ends and associated small vesicles; found close to the nucleus

A

golgi apparatus

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20
Q

plays a role in packaging proteins or other substances to export from the cell or incorporation into the plasma membrane and in packaging lysosomal enzymes

A

golgi apparatus

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21
Q

membranous sacs containing digestive enzymes including acid and hydrolyses; function is to digest worn-out cell organelles and foreign substances that enter the cell

A

lysosomes

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22
Q

membranous sacs containing oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, free radicals, and other harmful chemical

A

peroxisomes

23
Q

rod-shaped bodies with double membrane wall; contains enzymes that oxidize foodstuffs to produce ATP; powerhouse of the cell

A

mitochondria

24
Q

paired, cylindrical bodies composed of microtubules and are part of the centrosome; they direct the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division

A

centrioles

25
Q

internal scaffolding that provides cellular support and functions in intracellular transport

A

cytoskeleton

26
Q

formed largely of actin, a contractile protein, and are important in cell mobility

A

microfilaments

27
Q

stable elements composed of a variety of proteins and resist mechanical forces action on cells

A

intermediate filaments

28
Q

form the internal structure of the centrioles and help determine cell shape

A

microtubules

29
Q

longer period during which the cell grows and carries out its usual activities

A

interphase

30
Q

the period when the cell reproduces itself by dividing

A

cell division or mitotic phase

31
Q

during this phase, the cell is about to divide and the DNA is copied exactly

A

interphase

32
Q

is essential for growth and repair

A

cell division

33
Q

consists of two events, mitosis and cytokinesis

A

M phase ; mitosis

34
Q

is the division of the copied DNA of the mother cell to two daughter nuclei

A

mitosis

35
Q

is the division of the cytoplasm

A

cytokinesis

36
Q

the product of mitosis is two ____ _____ that are genetically identical to the m other nucleus

A

daughter nuclei

37
Q

yields four daughter nuclei that differ genetically in composition from the mother nucleus; used for sexual reproduction

A

meiosis

38
Q

part of interphase where the centrioles begin replicating

A

G1

39
Q

part of interphase when DNA is replicated

A

S phase

40
Q

final part of interphase where final preparations for mitosis are completed and centrioles finish replicating

A

G2

41
Q

is the first phase of mitosis

A

prophase

42
Q

chromatin condenses forming chromosomes; the nucleoli disappear, centrosomes separate from one another

A

early prophase

43
Q

centrosomes act as a focal point for growth of a microtubule assembly called the

A

mitotic spindle

44
Q

microtubules lengthen and, they propel the centrosomes towards opposite poles of the cell

A

early prophase

45
Q

microtubules arrays extend from the centrosome matrix

A

asters

46
Q

the nuclear envelope breaks up; the kinetochore microtubules pull on each chromosome from the poles and ultimately draws the chromosomes to the center

A

late prophase

47
Q

the second phase of mitosis

A

metaphase

48
Q

phase where the chromosomes cluster at the midline of the cell with centromeres aligned at the equator

A

metaphase

49
Q

the third and shortest phase of mitosis

A

anaphase

50
Q

the sister chromatids separate from each other and are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell. The protein “glue” that holds the sister chromatids together is broken down, allowing them to separate. Each is now its own chromosome. The chromosomes of each pair are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell.

A

anaphase

51
Q

the final phase of mitosis

A

telophase

52
Q

the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells. During telophase, a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to separate the nuclear DNA from the cytoplasm.

A

telophase

53
Q

the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells.; forms the cleavage furrow and pinches the cell apart

A

cytokinesis

BIO 2451 Lab (10 decks)

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