Chapter 39 - Animal Nutrition, Feeds And Body Condition Flashcards
1
Q
Carbohydrate Function
A
Energy and fibre (roughage) for the correct functioning of the rumen.
2
Q
Protein Function
A
Growth and repair of cells; energy, milk and wool production.
3
Q
Fats Function
A
Insulation and energy.
4
Q
Water Function
A
Solvent; aids in temperature regulation, lactation and other metabolic processes.
5
Q
Vitamins Function
A
Many metabolic processes are controlled by vitamins.
6
Q
Minerals Function
A
Bone and teeth building, energy production, fertility and milk production.
7
Q
How many amino acids is protein made up of?
A
20
8
Q
Why are only ten of these amino acids essential to the animals diet?
A
They can not be synthesised (made) by the animal.
9
Q
Why are the other ten amino acids non-essential?
A
They are non essential because they CAN be synthesised (made) by the animal.
10
Q
What does synthesised even mean bro?
A
Synthesised is basically the production of compounds or large molecules from simpler materials by chemical reactions to the body.
11
Q
Okay, so then what are metabolic processes?
A
Chemical reactions that occer in the body of a living organism.
12
Q
What are two feeds that are essential in poultry?
A
Glycine and Glutamic acid.
13
Q
Why does an animals nutrition depend on the life cycle it is currently at?
A
Because certain life cycles may require more nutrients, for example, young animals need more protein than older animals, and lactating animals will need more protein than dry animals. This is because the dry animal is no longer producing milk, while the lactating animal is. Protein provides the milk production the young, lactating animal needs.
14
Q
What are monogastric animals?
A
Animals that have a one chamber stomach. Ten of the 20 amino acids are essential to the monogastric animal.
15
Q
Why do ruminant animals not have a dietary requirement for amino acids?
A
Microorganisms in their rumens have the ability to synthesise all amino acids ( essential and non-essential).
16
Q
What does the bacteria inside the rumen do?
A
The bacteria incorporate these amino acids into their own cells.
17
Q
When do these amino acids become available after incorporated into the bacteria’s own cells?
A
When the animal digests the bacteria, the amino acids that the bacteria incorporated into their own cells become available to the animal.
18
Q
What do young animals, such as calves and lambs, need feeds, such as milk, that contain good quality protein?
A
To help develop their rumens.
19
Q
What are essential amino acids?
A
These are amino acids that cannot be manufactured in the monogastric animals body so they must be brought into their diet.
20
Q
What are non-essential amino acids?
A
These are amino acids that are manufactured in the monogastric animals body, from other amino acids, such as alanine and glutamine.
21
Q
What amino acid is important for pigs?
A
Lysine
22
Q
What are simple carbohydrates that are easily dogested by all animals? That also serve as a source of energy??
A
Sugars and starches.
23
Q
Give an example of a complex carbohydrate that is only digested by ruminant animals and provide little energy in the diet pf a monogastric animal?
A
Cellulose
24
Q
Name another nutrient that is also easily digested and provide large amounts of energy compared to startches and sugars.
A
Fats
25
Why are minerals and vitamins frequently added to animal rations?
To prevent deficiencies.
26
Name the two groups that minerals can be divided into.
Those that are required in large amounts: macrominerals
Those that are required in small amounts:
Microminerals
27
What are microominerals often called?
Microminerals are often called trace elements.
28
Why are microminerals often called this name?
They are required in very small amounts. These minerals can become toxic if consumed in large amounts.
29
Give an example of a micromineral and state what a micrromineral is also known as.
Iron (Fe), Trace element
30
What is a deficiency?
A lack or shortage of a substance in an animal's diet.
31
Name 2 deficiencies of microminerals.
Selenium and copper.
32
What have these deficiencies been linked with? (The 2 deficiencies of microminerals)
Infertility in cattle
33
Why can these deficiencies arise?
A mineral is deficient in the soil, so deficiencies occer in grass and fodder crops which are then eaten by the cattle.
34
What can copper deficiencies in ewes result in?
Lambs being born with swayback.
35
What is the deficiency swayback?
This is a condition where lambs have difficulty wtanding and walking.
36
What can a deficiency in cobalt lead to?
Pine disease in sheep and lambs.
37
What is the symptoms of pine disease in lambs?
Failure to thrive, poor fleece and poor appetite.
38
What does pine dosease cause in ewes?
Poor fertility.
39
Can deficiencies in macrominerals also lead to disease?
Yes
40
What is added to formulated rations to prevent milk fever in lactating sheel and cattle?
Calcium is added to formulated rations to prevent milk fever in lactating sheel and cattle.
41
What does magnesium prevent?
Grass tetany.
42
Do farmers tend to supplement the diet of their animals with minerals?
Yes, as minerals build teeth and bones, produce energy and produce fertility and milk.
43
What are the methods used to supplement an animal's diet with minerals?
- dusting mineral supplement onto silage
- providing the animals with mineral licks
- dressing the pasture
- adding to the drinking water.
- oral dose or mineral bullet.
44
What does formulated mean?
Specially prepared.
45
What does supplementing mean?
Adding an extra amount or increasing the amount of a substance
46
Why is vitamin A added in many formulated ration feeds?
It aids growth, fertility and milk production in livestock feeds.
47
Why is vitamin D added to formulated ration feeds?
For healthy bones.
48
Why is vitamin E added in formulated ration feeds
Vitamin E plays an important role in maintaining the immune system.
49
Why is vitamin B not required in the diet of young calves and pigs?
Vitamin B is synthesised by the bacteria in their rumen.
50
What are bulky feeds high in and low in?
Bulky feeds are high in water (grass) or fibre but low in energy.
51
Name 6 bulky feeds
```
Grass
Silage
Hay
Haylage
Root crops
Forage crops (kale)
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52
Is fibre needed to ensure rumens function correctly?
Yes. Fibre is needed in the diet of cattle to ensure that their rumens work correctly. Minerals are usually added to rations to make sure the rumen works correctly.
53
What can occur when an animals diet is high in easily digestible sugars and starches but low in fibre.
Acidosis can occur when an animal's diet is low in fibre but high in sugars and starches.
54
What should sheep and cattle be fed when concentrates are added to their diet?
Sheep and cattle should be fed silage, hay or straw when concentrates are added to their diet.
55
What are concentrates?
Feeds that are low in water or fibre but are high in energy.
56
What 6 things are classified as concentrates?
```
Cereals
Fats
Oil
Molasses
Beet pulp
Feed supplements
```
57
What cereals are commonly used to cencentrates?
Barley, wheat and maize are cereals that are commonly used in concentrates.
58
Why are concentrate rations formulated?
To give the correct balance of protein, carbohydrates, fibre, minerals and vitamins.
59
Why do cereals often make up a substantial part of concentrates?
They are high in carbohydrates and energy
Their seed coat contains fibre
They can be used to supplement poor quality silage or other forage crops.
They can ensure that production targets are met.
60
Why are many cereal components of rations grounded down to form powder?
Many cereal components of rations are grounded down to form powder as this improves the digestibilty of the cereal.
61
What is done to barley when included in a ruminant ration?
Barley is rolled to break the seed coat when included in a ruminant ration.
62
Why is this action done when barley is included in a ruminant ration?
The barley is rolled to break the seed coat once included in a ruminant ration because if the seed coat remained intact, the seeds would pass through the ruminant animal undigested.
63
What happens to barley when included in pig rations and why?
Barley is ground down in pig rations to improve digestibility.
64
What 3 nutrients are animal feeds mainly composed of?
The three nutrients that are mainly used in animal rations are carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
65
What will carbohydrates, proteins and fats release when burned in oxygen?
These compounds will release energy in the form of heat when burned in oxygen.
66
Why is used to determine the amount of energy in feed? And how does it determine the amount of energy in feed?
A bomb calorimeter is used to determine the amount of energy in feed by measuring the amount of heat released when a known quantity of the feed is burned.
67
What is the energy called when it is the energy from feed that an animal can convert into LWG, milk and wool. What is it measured in.
Metabolisable energy is the energy from feed that an animal can convert into LWG, milk and wool. It is measured in MJ/Kg.
68
What is a maintenance diet?
A maintenance diet is the amount of feed that an animal has to maintain in order to maintain a constant body weight.
69
What is a production diet?
A production diet is the extra amount of feed needed to produce 1kg of LWG, 1 litre of milk, 1kg of wool, or to produce a calf or lamb.
70
What is FCR?
Food conversion ratio is a measure of an animals efficiency at converting a mass of food into LWG. It is expressed as a ratio of the food consumed to the LWG.
71
What is FCR also known as?
Food conversion efficiency. FCR is the measure of efficiency an animal has at converting a mass of food to live weight gain. It is expressed as a ratio of food consumed to Live weight gained.
72
Animals with low what are efficient converters of fppd into LWG?
Animals with low FCR are efficient converters of food into live weight gain.
73
What values increase with age? And what do animals become less efficient at with age?
FCR (Food conversion ratios or food conversion efficiency) increase with age. Animals become less efficient at converting feed into LWG.
74
What is conformation?
Thw shape of the animal and the distribution of fat and muscle around the body.
75
What sort of conformation do beef breeds have?
Beef breeds have a black shaped conformation
76
What sort of conformation does dairy breeds have?
Dairy breeds have a wedge shaped conformation.
77
What of the animal affects its conformation?
The breed and sex of the animal affects its conformation.
78
What does BCS stand for?
Body condition scoring.
79
What is Body Condition scoring?
The assessment of the level of fat reserves an animal has at its various production stages.
80
What is body condition scoring comminly referred to as?
Body condition scoring is commonly referred to the ratio of lean meat to fat.
81
What is the five freedoms?
The five freedoms are the conditions required to ensure good physical and mental health of the animal.
82
Name the five freedoms.
Freedom from hunger, thirst and malnutrition.
Freedlm from discomfort.
Freedom from pain, injury and disease.
Freedom to express normal patterns of behaviour
Freedom from fear and distress.
83
What is the council that promotes animal welfare called?
The farm animal welfare advisory council.
| FAWAC
84
Why do ruminant animals not have a dietary requirement for amino acids? Explain how these amino acids become available to the animal.
Ruminant animals do not have a dietary requirement for amino acids as microorganisms in the rumen of the ruminant animal already have the ability to synthesise these amino acids. Bacteria incorporate these amino acids into their own cell and become available to the animal once the bacteria is digested.
85
What helps develop the rumen. What life cycle needs these the most?
Good quality feed (such as milk) is needed to help develop the rumen. Youg animals (calves and lambs) need good quality feed such as milk to help develop the rumen.
86
Give carbohydrate and fat requirements in animal diets.
Sugars and starches are high in energy and are easily digested by the animal. Fats are also high in energy and give large amounts of energy compared to sugars and starches. Cellulose is a complex carbohydrate and is mainly digested by the ruminant animal as it provides little energy in the diet of a monogastric animal.
87
Give mineral and vitamin requirements in animal diets.
Minerals and vitamins are required for a wide variety of functions in an animals body and are frequently added to animal rations to prevent deficiencies. Minerals can be divided into two groups: microminerals, e.g. iron (fe) and iodine(I) and macrominerals, e.g. calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (p). Macrominerals are required in large amounts and microminerals, also known as trace elements, are required in small amounts. If microminerals are conaumed in large amounts, they can become toxic.
88
Give a note on deficiencies of microminerals
Selenium and copper are deficiencies of microminerals and have been linked with infertility in cattle.
Deficiencies can often arise as the soil may be deficient, causing grass and fodder crops to be deficient. Animals will then eat the grass and fodder crops.
A deficiency in copper in pregnant ewes can lead to the lambs being born with swayback (difficulty standing and walking). A deficiency in cobalt can lead to pine disease in sheep and cattle. Symptoms of pine disease include: poor appetite, poor fleece and failure to thrive. Deficiencies in macrominerals can also cause disease. Adding minerals to the diet of the animal can be done in many ways:
Dressing the pasture
Oral dose or mineral bullet
Providing mineral lick to animals
Adding to the drinking water.
Dusting the silage with the mineral (e.g. cal mag)
Calcium is also added to formulated rations of cattle to prevent milk fever in lactating cattle and sheep and magnesium prevents grass tetany.
Keep in mind that pine disease causes poor fertility in ewes.
89
Give a note on the vitamin supplements added to rations. Keep in mind thi sis related to the note on deficiencies
Vitamins are added to many formulated ration feeds. Vitamin A encourages growth, fertility and milk production, vitamin d encourages healthy bones, vitamin e plays an important role in maintainig the immune system. Vitamin b is added to the formulated rations of many young calves and pigs, however, it is not required in adult rations for cattle or sheep, as vitamin B is synthesised by the rumen.
90
Give a note on bulky feeds.
Bulky feeds are high in water (grass) or fibre but low in energy. Beet pulp, forage crops (kale), grass, hay, haylage and silage are all classified as bulky feeds. Acidosis can occur if the animals diet is high in easily digestible sugars and starches but low in fibre. Sheep and cattle must be fed silage, hay or straw when concentrates are added to their diet, to prevent acidosis. Concentrates are also a source of extra nutrition (as a supplement) for low DMD silage.
91
Give a note on concentrates.
Concentrates are feeds that are low in water (grass) or fibre but are high in energy. Fats, Oils, Molasses, feed supplements, cereals (maize or barley) and beet pulp are classified as concentrates. Many of the components of concentrates are by products of a crop that has been processed for human use. Concentrate rationa have been formulated to give the correct balance of protein, vitamkns, minerals, fats and carbohydrates. Cereals often make up a substantial part pf concentrates eg barley wheat and maize. Cereals have many advantages in a formulated ration
They are high in carbohydrates and energy.
Their seed coat contains fibre
They can be used to supplement poor quality sila2 or other fodder crips
They can ensure that production targets are metm
92
Give a note on ruminant animal
A ruminant animal is an animal that has a ruminant stomach, e.g. Cow. Ruminant animals can synthesise all 20 amino acids (essential and non essential), due to microorganisms in their rumen already being able to synthesise all 20 amino acids. The amino acids become available to the animal as bacteria incorporates all 20 amino acids into its own cell, becoming available to the animal when digested. Ruminant animals contain a four chambered stomach, consisting of the rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum. Ruminant animals are also capable of digesting complex carbohydrates such as cellulose.
93
Give a note on a pig ration.
Pig feed has less fibre than cattle or sheep feed, since pigs are unable to digest fibre. Pig feed has the following components: 17.0% crude protein, 4.5% crude fibre, 4% crude oil, 0.7% calcium and 0.3% methionine (an essential amino acid for pigs)
Components also include 1.0% Lysine, Vitamin A (which encourages growth and fertility), Vitamin D (encourages healthy bones) and vitamin E(plays an important role in maintaining the immune system). This ration would be fed to pigs in order to fatten them and finish for slaughter.
Soya bean is included in this ration due to its high energy value and high protein content. Soya bean meal is also high in lysine (an essential amino acids for pigs), whereas cereals (barley and wheat) are deficient in lysine The soya bean meal is prepared by dehulling the seed to remove the seed coat. This reduces fibre and the seed is toasted to improve the biological value of the protein. Soya bean hulls are added to ensure that there is sone fibre in the ration.
Rapeseed meal is also a source of protein, however, the amount of rapeseed used in the ration must be limited due to the anti nutritional factors present in the rapeseed.
The soya, palm and rape acid soils are high in fat and provide a good source of energy. Iron is also added to this meal to help prevent anaemia.
Many of the rations include soya bean meal and rapeseed meal in ground up form. Grinding up the seeds improves the digestibility of the feeds. Barley is a common example of this It is processed differently depending on its intended use (ruminant or pig rations) . Rolled barley is commonly used in ruminant rations. Rolling break the seed coat, allowijg the rumant animals digestive system to break down the contents of the seed. If the seeds are not rolled, undigesed deeds would be present in the animals dung. When barley is being fed to pigs, it must be ground down so that it can be easily digested.
