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Ag Science > Chapter 1 - Plant and Animal Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Plant and Animal Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the two cells.

A

Plant and Animal cells.

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2
Q

What does an animal cell contain?

A

Nucleus, Cytoplasm and Cell membrane

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3
Q

Draw with your finger what an animal cell looks like.

A

Read

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4
Q

What are organelles and give 2 examples.

A

Organelles are specialised structures within a cell that carry out specific functions.
E.g Mitochondria and chloroplasts.

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5
Q

What do Plant cells contain.

A

Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, large vacuole, nucleus, chloroplast.

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6
Q

Draw out a plant cell with your finger.

A

Read

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7
Q

What do plant and animal cells both have?

A

A membrane-bound nucleus.

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8
Q

What is the membrane-bound nucleus composed of?

A

A substance called chromatin.

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9
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Chromatin is a mixture of DNA and protein.

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10
Q

What happens to the chromatin when a cell begins to divide?

A

The chromatin condenses into structures called chromosomes.

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11
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

This is a thread-like structure of DNA and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells and carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

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12
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell? Give 2 examples.

A

A eukaryotic cell is a cell containing a membrane-bound nucleus that holds genetic information, and other membrane-bound organelles (e.g. Mitochondria and Chloroplasts)

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13
Q

What are mitochondria and chloroplasts classified as?

A

Eukaryotic cells.

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14
Q

What is cellulose?

A

Cellulose is a polysaccharide consisting of long chains of glucose molecules all joined together.

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15
Q

What does porous mean?

A

Having small holes that allow substances (e.g. Gases and liquids) to pass through.

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16
Q

What does rigid mean?

A

Unable to bend or to be flexible.

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17
Q

What surrounds the cell membrane of a plant cell?

A

Porous cell wall.

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18
Q

What is the porous cell wall composed of?

A

It is composed of a rigid carbohydrate called cellulose.

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19
Q

Is the cell wall permeable? If so, to what?

A

The cell wall is fully permeable to water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and many other particles.

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20
Q

What does permeable mean?

A

Allows liquids or gases to pass through it.

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21
Q

What is the purpose of the cell wall?

A

The purpose of the cell wall is to strenghten and protect the plant cell.

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22
Q

What does the cell wall prevent?

A

The overexpansion of plant cells when water enters the plant cell by osmosis

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23
Q

What mineral do plants require for the production of healthy walls?

A

Calcium

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24
Q

Do animal cells have a cell wall?

A

No

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25
Q

What are the 3 main functions of cell membranes?

A

They hold the contents of the cell, provide shape and support to the cell and control what substances enter and leave the cell.

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26
Q

What does selectively permeable mean?

A

Allowing some molecules to pass through.

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27
Q

Are cell membranes selectively permeable? If so, give 2 examples of molecules allowed to pass through.

A

Yes, water and oxygen.

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28
Q

Do some larger molecules require energy to move across the cell membrane?

A

Yes.

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29
Q

What are cell membranes also known as?

A

Plasma membranes.

30
Q

What are protozoans and what kingdom do they belong to?

A

Protozoans are single-celled animals that are microscopic in size and belog to kingdom Protozoa.

31
Q

What fluid does the cytoplasm consist of?

A

The cytoplasm consists of a watery fluid called cytosol in which all of the cell’s organelles are suspended.

32
Q

What takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell?

A

Many cell activities (protein synthesis) and reactions (glucolysis) take place in the cytoplasm of the cell.

33
Q

What does the cytoplasm help to maintain?

A

The cytoplasm helps to maintain the shape of the cell.

34
Q

What are mitochondria often known as? And why?

A

They are known as the power houses of the cell because they play a major role in the release of energy from glucose during respiration.

35
Q

Is mitochondria in both plant or animal cells or not?

A

Yes, both plant and animal cells contain mitochondria.

36
Q

Draw out the mitochondria diagram with your finger.

A

Read.

37
Q

Where are chloroplasts found?

A

In plant cells only.

38
Q

What do chloroplasts contain? And what is their main function?

A

They contain the pigment chlorophyll and their main function is photosynthesis.

39
Q

Draw out the chloroplasts diagram with your finger.

A

Read.

40
Q

What are both mitochondria and chloroplasts only visible with using?

A

An electron microscope.

41
Q

What does synthesis mean?

A

Combination of 2 or more things.

42
Q

Do plant cells have large vacuoles?

A

Yes.

43
Q

Do animal cells have large vacoules?

A

No. Animal cells have much smaller vacuoles.

44
Q

Give 2 advantages of vacuoles.

A

Vacuoles provide extra support to plant cells and can be used for the storage of sugars and salts.

45
Q

What does DNA stand for and what does it mean?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is the genetic code that controls cell growth, cell division and cell function.

46
Q

What are ribosomes composed of?

A

RNA (ribonucleic acid) and protein.

47
Q

What are ribosomes involved in?

A

The synthesis of protein.

48
Q

Function of cell wall:

A

Strengthens and protects the plant cell.

49
Q

Function of cell membrane:

A

Controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell.

50
Q

Function of Nucleus:

A

Controls centre of the cell, cell division, contains DNA.

51
Q

Function of cytoplasm

A

Fluid contains cell organelles

52
Q

Function of mitochondria:

A

Respiration

53
Q

Function of chloroplasts:

A

Contain chlorophyll; photosynthesis occurs here.

54
Q

Function of large vacuoles:

A

Provide support; used for storage of dissolved substances

55
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis

56
Q

Outline the 3 main differences between plant and animal cells.

A

Plant cells have a cell wall
Plant cells have a large vacuole
Plant cells have chloroplasts for photosynthesis

Animal cells do not have a cell wall
Animal cells have small vacuoles
Animal cells do not have chloroplasts.

57
Q

What is Aerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic respiration is the controlled release of energy from glucose in the presence of oxygen.

58
Q

How do plant and animal cells obtain their energy?

A

By aerobic respiration.

59
Q

What us the chemical equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen—>Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

60
Q

What is the first stage of aerobic respiration? And where does it take place?

A

Glycolysis and it takes place in the cytosol.

61
Q

Does the stage glycolysis in aerobic respiration require oxygen? And does it release energy?

A

No, it releases only a small amount of energy.

62
Q

What happens during the glycolisis stage?

A

During this stage, glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid.

63
Q

What is the Krebs cycle?

A

A series of chemical reactions that is caused when oxygen is available, the pyruvic acid passes into the mitochondria. It is also known as the electron transport system.

64
Q

Does the combination of the krebs cycle and the electron transport system produce a large amount of energy?

A

Yes

65
Q

Movement of substances across the cell membrane occurs by the following mechanisms:

A

diffusion, osmosis and active transport.

66
Q

What is Diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration along a concentration gradient. Diffusion does not require energy. Gaseous exchange in plant and animal cells occurs by diffusion.

67
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high concentration of water to an area of low concentration of water. Osmosis does not require energy.

68
Q

What is Turgor pressure?

A

Turgor pressure is the pressure that is caused by water passing into the cell by osmosis, resulting in the cytoplasm and vacuole pushing against the cell wall.

69
Q

What is Plasmolysis?

A

The shrinking of the cytoplasm and the movement of the cell membrane away from the cell wall due to water loss by osmosis. Plasmolysis occurs if plant cells are placed in a concentrated salt solution.

70
Q

What is active transport?

A

Active transport is the movement of a substance from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration against a concentration gradient. Active transport requires energy. Plant roots absorb minerals from the soil solution by active transport.

Ag Science (10 decks)

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