Chapter 38 Flashcards
A fruit, or assemblage of fruits, in which the fleshy parts are derived largely or entirely from tissues other than the ovary.
accessory fruit
The transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules, a process required for fertilization.
pollination
The ovule-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary.
carpel
The covering of the young root of the embryo of a grass seed.
coleorhiza
A fruit derived from a single carpel or several fused carpels.
simple fruit
In angiosperms, a nutrient-rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm with two polar nuclei during double fertilization. The endosperm provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds.
endosperm
The joint evolution of two interacting species, each in response to selection imposed by the other.
coevolution
A single carpel or a group of fused carpels.
pistil
A structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant and contains the female gametophyte.
ovule
A means of asexual reproduction whereby a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new individuals.
fragmentation
The twig grafted onto the stock when making a graft.
scion
In an angiosperm embryo, the embryonic axis below the point of attachment of the cotyledon(s) and above the radicle.
hypocotyl
A fuel produced from biomass.
biofuel
A modified leaf of a flowering plant. Petals are the often colorful parts of a flower that advertise it to insects and other pollinators.
petal
The pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and a filament.
stamen
(1) In flowers, the portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop. (2) In animals, the structure that produces female gametes and reproductive hormones.
ovary
Asexual reproduction in plants.
vegetative reproduction
In animal behavior, a process involving transmission of, reception of, and response to signals. The term is also used in connection with other organisms, as well as individual cells of multicellular organisms.
communication
The female gametophyte of angiosperms, formed from the growth and division of the megaspore into a multicellular structure that typically has eight haploid nuclei.
embryo sac
The total mass of organic matter comprising a group of organisms in a particular habitat.
biomass
In an angiosperm embryo, the embryonic axis above the point of attachment of the cotyledon(s) and below the first pair of miniature leaves.
epicotyl
A spore from a heterosporous plant species that develops into a male gametophyte.
microspore
A recessively inherited human blood disorder in which a single nucleotide change in the β-globin gene causes hemoglobin to aggregate, changing red blood cell shape and causing multiple symptoms in afflicted individuals.
sickle-cell disease
The ventral part of the vertebrate forebrain; functions in maintaining homeostasis, especially in coordinating the endocrine and nervous systems; secretes hormones of the posterior pituitary and releasing factors that regulate the anterior pituitary.
hypothalamus
A tube that forms after germination of the pollen grain and that functions in the delivery of sperm to the ovule.
pollen tube
The ability of a seed plant to reject its own pollen and sometimes the pollen of closely related individuals.
self-incompatibility
The stalk of a flower’s carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma at the top.
style
The generation of offspring from a single parent that occurs without the fusion of gametes (by budding, division of a single cell, or division of the entire organism into two or more parts). In most cases, the offspring are genetically identical to the parent.
asexual reproduction
A group of flowers tightly clustered together.
inflorescence
A tough outer covering of a seed, formed from the outer coat of an ovule. In a flowering plant, the seed coat encloses and protects the embryo and endosperm.
seed coat
A flower that has all four basic floral organs: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.
complete flower
A spore from a heterosporous plant species that develops into a female gametophyte.
megaspore
The covering of the young shoot of the embryo of a grass seed.
coleoptile
The ability of some plant species to reproduce asexually through seeds without fertilization by a male gamete.
apomixis
A fruit derived from a single flower that has more than one carpel.
aggregate fruit
A modified leaf in angiosperms that helps enclose and protect a flower bud before it opens.
sepal
A mature ovary of a flower. The fruit protects dormant seeds and often functions in their dispersal.
fruit
The base of a flower; the part of the stem that is the site of attachment of the floral organs.
receptacle
The plant that provides the root system when making a graft.
stock
A flower in which one or more of the four basic floral organs (sepals, petals, stamens, or carpels) are either absent or nonfunctional.
incomplete flower
In plant biology, having the male and female reproductive parts on different individuals of the same species.
dioecious
The physical adsorption of water onto the internal surfaces of structures.
imbibition
An embryonic root of a plant.
radicle
Pertaining to an organism whose genome contains a gene introduced from another organism of the same or a different species.
transgenic
A fruit derived from an entire inflorescence.
multiple fruit
A mass of dividing, undifferentiated cells growing in culture.
callus
A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the female gametophyte (embryo sac) to form the zygote and endosperm.
double fertilization
Asexual reproduction in plants that is facilitated or induced by humans.
vegetative propagation
An interaction in which an organism eats part of a plant or alga.
herbivory
