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Biology 2 Test 2 - Vocab > Chapter 35 > Flashcards

Chapter 35 Flashcards

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1
Q

A living cell that conducts sugars and other organic nutrients in the phloem of angiosperms; also called a sieve-tube member. Connected end to end, they form sieve tubes.

A

sieve-tube element

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2
Q

A type of plant cell that is connected to a sieve-tube element by many plasmodesmata and whose nucleus and ribosomes may serve one or more adjacent sieve-tube elements.

A

companion cell

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3
Q

(1) The dermal tissue system of nonwoody plants, usually consisting of a single layer of tightly packed cells. (2) The outermost layer of cells in an animal.

A

epidermis

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4
Q

A model of flower formation identifying three classes of organ identity genes that direct formation of the four types of floral organs.

A

ABC hypothesis

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5
Q

A tiny extension of a root epidermal cell, growing just behind the root tip and increasing surface area for absorption of water and minerals.

A

root hair

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6
Q

A root that arises from the pericycle of an established root.

A

lateral root

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7
Q

The vascular tissue of a stem or root.

A

stele

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8
Q

(1) The outer region of cytoplasm in a eukaryotic cell, lying just under the plasma membrane, that has a more gel-like consistency than the inner regions due to the presence of multiple microfilaments. (2) In plants, ground tissue that is between the vascular tissue and dermal tissue in a root or eudicot stem.

A

cortex

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9
Q

The outer protective covering of plants.

A

dermal tissue system

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10
Q

A transport system formed by xylem and phloem throughout a vascular plant. Xylem transports water and minerals; phloem transports sugars, the products of photosynthesis.

A

vascular tissue system

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11
Q

Ground tissue that is internal to the vascular tissue in a stem; in many monocot roots, parenchyma cells that form the central core of the vascular cylinder.

A

pith

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12
Q

A type of growth characteristic of most animals and some plant organs, in which growth stops after a certain size is reached.

A

determinate growth

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13
Q

(1) A shift from one developmental phase to another. (2) In plants, a morphological change that arises from a transition in shoot apical meristem activity.

A

phase change

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14
Q

Growth produced by apical meristems, lengthening stems and roots.

A

primary growth

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15
Q

An organ in vascular plants that anchors the plant and enables it to absorb water and minerals from the soil.

A

root

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16
Q

The two cells that flank the stomatal pore and regulate the opening and closing of the pore.

A

guard cells

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17
Q

Leaf cells specialized for photosynthesis. In C3 and CAM plants, mesophyll cells are located between the upper and lower epidermis; in C4 plants, they are located between the bundle-sheath cells and the epidermis.

A

mesophyll

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18
Q

A strong polymer embedded in the cellulose matrix of the secondary cell walls of vascular plants that provides structural support in terrestrial species.

A

lignin

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19
Q

In plant roots, the innermost layer of the cortex that surrounds the vascular cylinder.

A

endodermis

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20
Q

A bud at the tip of a plant stem; also called a terminal bud.

A

apical bud

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21
Q

A plant gene that promotes the switch from vegetative growth to flowering.

A

meristem identity gene

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22
Q

A cone of cells at the tip of a plant root that protects the apical meristem.

A

root cap

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23
Q

A continuous water-conducting micropipe found in most angiosperms and a few nonflowering vascular plants.

A

vessel

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24
Q

A short, wide water-conducting cell found in the xylem of most angiosperms and a few nonflowering vascular plants. Dead at maturity, vessel elements are aligned end to end to form micropipes called vessels.

A

vessel element

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25
Q

All tissues external to the vascular cambium, consisting mainly of the secondary phloem and layers of periderm.

A

bark

26
Q

A main vertical root that develops from an embryonic root and gives rise to lateral (branch) roots.

A

taproot

27
Q

A cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that adds layers of secondary vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem.

A

vascular cambium

28
Q

A segment of a plant stem between the points where leaves are attached.

A

internode

29
Q

A meristem that thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants. The vascular cambium and cork cambium are lateral meristems.

A

lateral meristem

30
Q

(1) A leaflike structure of a seaweed that provides most of the surface area for photosynthesis. (2) The flattened portion of a typical leaf.

A

blade

31
Q

A short, irregular sclerenchyma cell in nutshells and seed coats. Sclereids are scattered throughout the parenchyma of some plants.

A

sclereid

32
Q

Plant tissues that are neither vascular nor dermal, fulfilling a variety of functions, such as storage, photosynthesis, and support.

A

ground tissue system

33
Q

A long, tapered water-conducting cell found in the xylem of nearly all vascular plants. Functioning tracheids are no longer living.

A

tracheid

34
Q

Plant tissue that remains embryonic as long as the plant lives, allowing for indeterminate growth.

A

meristem

35
Q

Vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant.

A

phloem

36
Q

A lignified cell type that reinforces the xylem of angiosperms and functions in mechanical support; a slender, tapered sclerenchyma cell that usually occurs in bundles.

A

fiber

37
Q

A structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch. The bud appears in the angle formed between a leaf and a stem.

A

axillary bud

38
Q

Growth produced by lateral meristems, thickening the roots and shoots of woody plants.

A

secondary growth

39
Q

A flexible plant cell type that occurs in strands or cylinders that support young parts of the plant without restraining growth.

A

collenchyma cell

40
Q

A rigid, supportive plant cell type usually lacking a protoplast and possessing thick secondary walls strengthened by lignin at maturity.

A

sclerenchyma cell

41
Q

A relatively unspecialized plant cell type that carries out most of the metabolism, synthesizes and stores organic products, and develops into a more differentiated cell type.

A

parenchyma cell

42
Q

The development of a multicellular organism’s spatial organization, the arrangement of organs and tissues in their characteristic places in three-dimensional space.

A

pattern formation

43
Q

Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and buds of shoots. The dividing cells of an apical meristem enable the plant to grow in length.

A

apical meristem

44
Q

The events involved in an organism’s changing gradually from a simple to a more complex or specialized form.

A

development

45
Q

A vascular plant organ consisting of an alternating system of nodes and internodes that support the leaves and reproductive structures.

A

stem

46
Q

Tendency for growth to be concentrated at the tip of a plant shoot, because the apical bud partially inhibits axillary bud growth.

A

apical dominance

47
Q

A fingerlike projection along the flank of a shoot apical meristem, from which a leaf arises.

A

leaf primordium

48
Q

A lack of symmetry; structural differences in opposite ends of an organism or structure, such as the root end and shoot end of a plant.

A

polarity

49
Q

All of a plant’s roots, which anchor it in the soil, absorb and transport minerals and water, and store food.

A

root system

50
Q

The stalk of a leaf, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem.

A

petiole

51
Q

An integrated group of cells with a common structure, function, or both.

A

tissue

52
Q

Vascular plant tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead cells that conduct most of the water and minerals upward from the roots to the rest of the plant.

A

xylem

53
Q

A cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that replaces the epidermis with thicker, tougher cork cells.

A

cork cambium

54
Q

One or more tissues organized into a functional unit connecting the organs of a plant.

A

tissue system

55
Q

A type of growth characteristic of plants, in which the organism continues to grow as long as it lives.

A

indeterminate growth

56
Q

A point along the stem of a plant at which leaves are attached.

A

node

57
Q

A plant homeotic gene that uses positional information to determine which emerging leaves develop into which types of floral organs.

A

organ identity gene

58
Q

The protective coat that replaces the epidermis in woody plants during secondary growth, formed of the cork and cork cambium.

A

periderm

59
Q

A small raised area in the bark of stems and roots that enables gas exchange between living cells and the outside air.

A

lenticel

60
Q

An end wall in a sieve-tube element, which facilitates the flow of phloem sap in angiosperm sieve tubes.

A

sieve plate

61
Q

A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant.

A

stoma

62
Q

The aerial portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves, and (in angiosperms) flowers.

A

shoot system

Biology 2 Test 2 - Vocab (7 decks)

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