Chapter 30 Flashcards
A member of the fungal phylum Chytridiomycota, mostly aquatic fungi with flagellated zoospores that represent an early-diverging fungal lineage.
chytrid
One of many connected filaments that collectively make up the mycelium of a fungus.
hypha
A member of one of three clades of early-diverging lineages of extant flowering plants. Examples are Amborella, water lilies, and star anise and its relatives.
basal angiosperms
Traditional classification for a fungus with no known sexual stage.
deuteromycete
The female gametophyte of angiosperms, formed from the growth and division of the megaspore into a multicellular structure that typically has eight haploid nuclei.
embyro sac
A member of the fungal phylum Ascomycota, commonly called sac fungus. The name comes from the saclike structure in which the spores develop.
ascomycete
In seed plants, a structure consisting of the male gametophyte enclosed within a pollen wall.
pollen grain
Association of a fungus with a plant root system in which the fungus causes the invagination of the host (plant) cells’ plasma membranes.
arbuscular mycorrhiza
Layer of sporophyte tissue that contributes to the structure of an ovule of a seed plant.
integument
In an angiosperm, the stalk portion of the stamen, the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower.
filament
The ovule-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary.
carpel
A modified leaf in angiosperms that helps enclose and protect a flower bud before it opens.
sepal
A flower in which one or more of the four basic floral organs (sepals, petals, stamens, or carpels) are either absent or nonfunctional.
incomplete flower
A member of a clade consisting of flowering plants that have one embryonic seed leaf, or cotyledon.
monocot
A member of the largest gymnosperm phylum. Most conifers are cone-bearing trees, such as pines and firs.
conifer
In fungi, the fusion of haploid nuclei contributed by the two parents; occurs as one stage of sexual reproduction, preceded by plasmogamy.
karyogamy
A structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant and contains the female gametophyte.
ovule
A pore in the integuments of an ovule.
micropyle
In angiosperms, a nutrient-rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm with two polar nuclei during double fertilization. The endosperm provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds.
endosperm
In zygomycete fungi, a sturdy multinucleate structure in which karyogamy and meiosis occur.
zygosporangium
The stalk of a flower’s carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma at the top.
style
A member of an extremely diverse clade of eukaryotes that includes fungi, animals, and several closely related groups of protists.
opisthokont
Single-celled fungus. Yeasts reproduce asexually by binary fission or by the pinching of small buds off a parent cell. Many fungal species can grow both as yeasts and as a network of filaments; relatively few species grow only as yeasts.
yeast
A member of a clade that contains the vast majority of flowering plants that have two embryonic seed leaves, or cotyledons.
eudicot
In angiosperms, the transfer of pollen from an anther of a flower on one plant to the stigma of a flower on another plant of the same species.
cross-pollination
In fungi, the fusion of the cytoplasm of cells from two individuals; occurs as one stage of sexual reproduction, followed later by karyogamy.
plasmogamy
A flower that has all four basic floral organs: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.
complete flower
A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.
chitin
(1) In flowers, the portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop. (2) In animals, the structure that produces female gametes and reproductive hormones.
ovary
A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the female gametophyte (embryo sac) to form the zygote and endosperm.
double fertilization
A member of the angiosperm clade that is most closely related to the combined eudicot and monocot clades. Extant examples are magnolias, laurels, and black pepper plants.
magnoliid
In an angiosperm, a specialized shoot with up to four sets of modified leaves, bearing structures that function in sexual reproduction.
flower
A multicellular organ in fungi and plants in which meiosis occurs and haploid cells develop.
sporangium
In certain symbiotic fungi, a specialized hypha that can penetrate the tissues of host organisms.
haustorium
The transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules, a process required for fertilization.
pollination
A fungal mycelium that contains two or more haploid nuclei per cell.
heterokaryon
(1) In the life cycle of a plant or alga undergoing alternation of generations, a haploid cell produced in the sporophyte by meiosis. A spore can divide by mitosis to develop into a multicellular haploid individual, the gametophyte, without fusing with another cell. (2) In fungi, a haploid cell, produced either sexually or asexually, that produces a mycelium after germination.
spore
A modified leaf of a flowering plant. Petals are the often colorful parts of a flower that advertise it to insects and other pollinators.
petal
A seed leaf of an angiosperm embryo. Some species have one cotyledon, others two.
cotyledon
Informal term for a fungus that grows as a filamentous fungus, producing haploid spores by mitosis and forming a visible mycelium.
mold
The pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and a filament.
stamen
The sticky part of a flower’s carpel, which receives pollen grains.
stigma
An adaptation of some terrestrial plants consisting of an embryo packaged along with a store of food within a protective coat.
seed
In animals and fungi, a small molecule released into the environment that functions in communication between members of the same species. In animals, it acts much like a hormone in influencing physiology and behavior.
pheromone
A mutualistic association of plant roots and fungus.
mycorrhiza
A member of a group of unicellular, amoeboid protists that are more closely related to fungi than they are to other protists.
nucleariid
Flagellated spore found in chytrid fungi and some protists.
zoospore
A member of the fungal phylum Zygomycota, characterized by the formation of a sturdy structure called a zygosporangium during sexual reproduction.
zygomycete
A mature ovary of a flower. The fruit protects dormant seeds and often functions in their dispersal.
fruit
A term traditionally used to refer to flowering plants that have two embryonic seed leaves, or cotyledons. Recent molecular evidence indicates that dicots do not form a clade; species once classified as dicots are now grouped into eudicots, magnoliids, and several lineages of basal angiosperms.
dicot
The fruiting body of a sac fungus (ascomycete).
ascocarp
A condition typified by extremely low metabolic rate and a suspension of growth and development.
dormancy
