Chapter 30

Question 1

A member of the fungal phylum Chytridiomycota, mostly aquatic fungi with flagellated zoospores that represent an early-diverging fungal lineage.

Answer 1

chytrid

Question 2

One of many connected filaments that collectively make up the mycelium of a fungus.

Answer 2

hypha

Question 3

A member of one of three clades of early-diverging lineages of extant flowering plants. Examples are Amborella, water lilies, and star anise and its relatives.

Answer 3

basal angiosperms

Question 4

Traditional classification for a fungus with no known sexual stage.

Answer 4

deuteromycete

Question 5

The female gametophyte of angiosperms, formed from the growth and division of the megaspore into a multicellular structure that typically has eight haploid nuclei.

Answer 5

embyro sac

Question 6

A member of the fungal phylum Ascomycota, commonly called sac fungus. The name comes from the saclike structure in which the spores develop.

Answer 6

ascomycete

Question 7

In seed plants, a structure consisting of the male gametophyte enclosed within a pollen wall.

Answer 7

pollen grain

Question 8

Association of a fungus with a plant root system in which the fungus causes the invagination of the host (plant) cells’ plasma membranes.

Answer 8

arbuscular mycorrhiza

Question 9

Layer of sporophyte tissue that contributes to the structure of an ovule of a seed plant.

Answer 9

integument

Question 10

In an angiosperm, the stalk portion of the stamen, the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower.

Answer 10

filament

Question 11

The ovule-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary.

Answer 11

carpel

Question 12

A modified leaf in angiosperms that helps enclose and protect a flower bud before it opens.

Answer 12

sepal

Question 13

A flower in which one or more of the four basic floral organs (sepals, petals, stamens, or carpels) are either absent or nonfunctional.

Answer 13

incomplete flower

Question 14

A member of a clade consisting of flowering plants that have one embryonic seed leaf, or cotyledon.

Answer 14

monocot

Question 15

A member of the largest gymnosperm phylum. Most conifers are cone-bearing trees, such as pines and firs.

Answer 15

conifer

Question 16

In fungi, the fusion of haploid nuclei contributed by the two parents; occurs as one stage of sexual reproduction, preceded by plasmogamy.

Answer 16

karyogamy

Question 17

A structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant and contains the female gametophyte.

Answer 17

ovule

Question 18

A pore in the integuments of an ovule.

Answer 18

micropyle

Question 19

In angiosperms, a nutrient-rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm with two polar nuclei during double fertilization. The endosperm provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds.

Answer 19

endosperm

Question 20

In zygomycete fungi, a sturdy multinucleate structure in which karyogamy and meiosis occur.

Answer 20

zygosporangium

Question 21

The stalk of a flower’s carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma at the top.

Answer 21

style

Question 22

A member of an extremely diverse clade of eukaryotes that includes fungi, animals, and several closely related groups of protists.

Answer 22

opisthokont

Question 23

Single-celled fungus. Yeasts reproduce asexually by binary fission or by the pinching of small buds off a parent cell. Many fungal species can grow both as yeasts and as a network of filaments; relatively few species grow only as yeasts.

Answer 23

yeast

Question 24

A member of a clade that contains the vast majority of flowering plants that have two embryonic seed leaves, or cotyledons.

Answer 24

eudicot

Question 25

In angiosperms, the transfer of pollen from an anther of a flower on one plant to the stigma of a flower on another plant of the same species.

Answer 25

cross-pollination

Question 26

In fungi, the fusion of the cytoplasm of cells from two individuals; occurs as one stage of sexual reproduction, followed later by karyogamy.

Answer 26

plasmogamy

Question 27

A flower that has all four basic floral organs: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.

Answer 27

complete flower

Question 28

A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.

Answer 28

chitin

Question 29

(1) In flowers, the portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop. (2) In animals, the structure that produces female gametes and reproductive hormones.

Answer 29

ovary

Question 30

A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the female gametophyte (embryo sac) to form the zygote and endosperm.

Answer 30

double fertilization

Question 31

A member of the angiosperm clade that is most closely related to the combined eudicot and monocot clades. Extant examples are magnolias, laurels, and black pepper plants.

Answer 31

magnoliid

Question 32

In an angiosperm, a specialized shoot with up to four sets of modified leaves, bearing structures that function in sexual reproduction.

Answer 32

flower

Question 33

A multicellular organ in fungi and plants in which meiosis occurs and haploid cells develop.

Answer 33

sporangium

Question 34

In certain symbiotic fungi, a specialized hypha that can penetrate the tissues of host organisms.

Answer 34

haustorium

Question 35

The transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules, a process required for fertilization.

Answer 35

pollination

Question 36

A fungal mycelium that contains two or more haploid nuclei per cell.

Answer 36

heterokaryon

Question 37

(1) In the life cycle of a plant or alga undergoing alternation of generations, a haploid cell produced in the sporophyte by meiosis. A spore can divide by mitosis to develop into a multicellular haploid individual, the gametophyte, without fusing with another cell. (2) In fungi, a haploid cell, produced either sexually or asexually, that produces a mycelium after germination.

Answer 37

spore

Question 38

A modified leaf of a flowering plant. Petals are the often colorful parts of a flower that advertise it to insects and other pollinators.

Answer 38

petal

Question 39

A seed leaf of an angiosperm embryo. Some species have one cotyledon, others two.

Answer 39

cotyledon

Question 40

Informal term for a fungus that grows as a filamentous fungus, producing haploid spores by mitosis and forming a visible mycelium.

Answer 40

mold

Question 41

The pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and a filament.

Answer 41

stamen

Question 42

The sticky part of a flower’s carpel, which receives pollen grains.

Answer 42

stigma

Question 43

An adaptation of some terrestrial plants consisting of an embryo packaged along with a store of food within a protective coat.

Answer 43

seed

Question 44

In animals and fungi, a small molecule released into the environment that functions in communication between members of the same species. In animals, it acts much like a hormone in influencing physiology and behavior.

Answer 44

pheromone

Question 45

A mutualistic association of plant roots and fungus.

Answer 45

mycorrhiza

Question 46

A member of a group of unicellular, amoeboid protists that are more closely related to fungi than they are to other protists.

Answer 46

nucleariid

Question 47

Flagellated spore found in chytrid fungi and some protists.

Answer 47

zoospore

Question 48

A member of the fungal phylum Zygomycota, characterized by the formation of a sturdy structure called a zygosporangium during sexual reproduction.

Answer 48

zygomycete

Question 49

A mature ovary of a flower. The fruit protects dormant seeds and often functions in their dispersal.

Answer 49

fruit

Question 50

A term traditionally used to refer to flowering plants that have two embryonic seed leaves, or cotyledons. Recent molecular evidence indicates that dicots do not form a clade; species once classified as dicots are now grouped into eudicots, magnoliids, and several lineages of basal angiosperms.

Answer 50

dicot

Question 51

The fruiting body of a sac fungus (ascomycete).

Answer 51

ascocarp

Question 52

A condition typified by extremely low metabolic rate and a suspension of growth and development.

Answer 52

dormancy