chapter 36: body fluid regulation and excretory system

Question 1

what are the two components of animal excretory systems?

Answer 1

1. osmoregulation
2. excretion

Question 2

what is osmoregulation

Answer 2

balancing of water
water following solutes (salt)

Question 3

what are nitrogenous waste products?

Answer 3

-Amino acids & nuclei acids
-Excess nitrogen released
-Ammonia, urea, or uric acid

Question 4

what are some excretory organs in invertebrates?

Answer 4

Most insects have tubular excretory organs
Planarians
Flame cells
Earthworm:
Nephridia

Question 5

how do insect excretory systems work?

Answer 5

-Malpighian tubules
-Attached to gut
-Aquatic environments reabsorb little water
-Dry environments reabsorb most water

Question 6

how does osmoregulation in cartilaginous fishes work?

Answer 6

Nearly isotonic to seawater
Excess salts secreted by kidneys & rectal gland

Question 7

what are the 4 steps of the human urinary system?

Answer 7

1. kidneys produce urine
2. ureters transport urine
3. urinary bladder stores urine
4. urethra passes urine to outside

Question 8

what are the 5 reasons kidneys are important?

Answer 8

1. Osmoregulation
2. Water balance
3. Maintain blood volume
4. Regulate Blood pressure
5. Produce urine

Question 9

what are the three main parts of the kidneys?

Answer 9

1. Renal cortex
2. Renal medulla
3. Renal pelvis

Question 10

what are nephrons

Answer 10

Each kidneys composed of over 1 million tiny tubules called nephrons

Question 11

what are the 5 main parts of the renal cortex?

Answer 11

-glomerulus
-proximal convoluted tubule
-loop of the nephron
-distal convoluted tubule
-collecting duct

Question 12

what are the three main components of urine formation?

Answer 12

1. Glomerular filtration
2. Tubular reabsorption
3. Tubular secretion
   osmosis plays a big role

Question 13

what is glomerular filtration?

Answer 13

-Blood pressure moves small molecules
-Water, nutrients, salts, wastes
-Glomerular filtrate
-Blood cells & proteins too large to cross
-Concentration of protein in blood is higher in post-glomerular blood than in arterial blood

Question 14

what is tubular reabsorption?

Answer 14

-Substances move across tubules
-Osmosis
-Nutrient molecules are taken back into blood from urinary filtrate

Question 15

what is tubular secretion?

Answer 15

-Second way substances are removed from blood & added to tubular fluid
-Rid body of potentially harmful compounds that were not filtered into glomerulus
-H+, uric acid, salts, ammonia, creatine, and penicillin

Question 16

what are the 4 ways the kidneys contribute to homeostasis?

Answer 16

1. Excrete metabolic wastes
2. Maintain the water-salt balance
3. Maintain acid-base balance
4. Secrete hormones

Question 17

how do the kidneys maintain the water-salt balance?

Answer 17

-Most water and salt (NaCl) reabsorbed
-Excretion of hypertonic urine is dependent

Question 18

what happens in the loop of nephron?

Answer 18

-Salt diffuses out
-Urea leeks collecting duct
-Hypertonic environment
-Water drawn out

Question 19

how do hormones control the reabsorption of salt?

Answer 19

-Blood volume (therefore pressure) in part regulated by salt absorption
-Not sufficient to promote glomerular filtration secrete renin
-Series of enzymatic reactions
-Reabsorption of Na+ distal tubule

Question 20

how do kidneys maintain the acid-base balance?

Answer 20

-Cells influenced by pH
-Bicarbonate (HCO3-) buffer system
-Urine is typically acidic because of typical excess of H+ ions
-Ammonia (NH3) provides buffer

Question 21

Excretion is a process in which ____ is (are) removed from the body

a.
Feces

b.
Salt

c.
Metabolic wastes

d.
Hormones

e.
Water

Answer 21

c.
Metabolic wastes

Question 22

When ________ and _________ are broken down excess nitrogen is released that must be eliminated by the excretory system.

a.
nucleic acids; sulfur

b.
proteins; salts

c.
glucose; fatty acids

d.
amino acids; nucleic acids

Answer 22

d.
amino acids; nucleic acids

Question 23

Malpighian tubules are the excretory system attached to the gut in

a.
Planarians

b.
Humans

c.
Earthworms

d.
Insects

Answer 23

d.
Insects

Question 24

The concentration of protein in the blood is higher in post-glomerular blood than in arterial blood because

a.
Protein is digested and then concentrated in glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule

b.
Reabsorption of protein occurs

c.
Water concentration increases and protein concentrations decrease

d.
Water passes into the capsule, but protein molecules are too large to move into the capsule and are concentrated in the blood

e.
The kidney manufactures and then stores protein in the glomerulus

Answer 24

d.
Water passes into the capsule, but protein molecules are too large to move into the capsule and are concentrated in the blood

Question 25

Water follows sodium ions out of the proximal convoluted tubule and into blood by means of

a.
Osmosis

b.
Tubular secretion

c.
Tubular reabsorption

d.
Glomerular filtration

Answer 25

a.
Osmosis