Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

bio II exam 1 > chapter 33: the lymphatic and immune systems > Flashcards

chapter 33: the lymphatic and immune systems Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The reason that cellular slime molds are being used to study the evolution of the immune system is because

a.
Cells within the multicellular slug will perform specialized function similar to that of red blood cells

b.
The slug is capable of preventing pathogens from being able to infect it

c.
None of these reasons are why cellular slime molds are being used for studying the evolution of the immune system

d.
Cells within the multicellular slug will perform specialized function similar to that of neutrophils and macrophages

e.
Cells within the single-celled slug will perform specialized function similar to that of neutrophils and macrophages

A

d.
Cells within the multicellular slug will perform specialized function similar to that of neutrophils and macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The lymphoid organ in which B lymphocytes are produced is the

a.
Thymus gland

b.
Lymph nodes

c.
All of these produce B lymphocytes

d.
Red bone marrow

e.
Spleen

A

d.
Red bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Nonspecific defenses against disease include all of the following except:

a.
Natural killer cells

b.
Inflammatory reaction

c.
Skin and mucous membranes

d.
Complement

e.
Antibodies

A

e.
Antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The clonal selection theory states that

a.
All T cells are exact clones of each other

b.
When a B or T cell is stimulated by encountering the correct antibody, it divides to form a clone of cells that will respond to the same antibody

c.
When a B or T cell is stimulated by encountering the correct antigen, it divides to form a clone of cells that will respond to the same antigen

d.
All B cells are exact clones of each other

A

c.
When a B or T cell is stimulated by encountering the correct antigen, it divides to form a clone of cells that will respond to the same antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Physician Edward Jenner promoted the use of cowpox, a harmless pathogen related to the dangerous smallpox, as a vaccination to provide patients immunity from future smallpox epidemics. This is an example of

a.
An inflammatory response

b.
Developing high levels of complement

c.
Active immunity

d.
Passive immunity

e.
Developing high levels of interferon although Jenner did not realize these diseases were viral

A

c.
Active immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the immune system?

A

system associated with protection against pathogens, toxins, and some cancerous cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are slime molds?

A

composed of many individual amoeboid cells living in unison as a “slug”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are sentinel cells?

A

cells that circulate throughout slug engulfing bacteria & toxins?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Immunity in drosophila: group of cellular receptors recognize what?

A

PAMPs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)?

A

-molecules on a pathogen that can be recognized by host organism’s immune system
-Earliest, most successful cellular receptors for pathogen recognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Binding to PAMPS triggers what?

A

an immune reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is innate immunity?

A

immune response that does not require previous exposure to pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is adaptive immunity?

A

immunity characterized by reaction of lymphocytes to specific antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How did evolution affect immunity?

A

-Diverse array of antigen receptors depends on rearrangement of DNA that codes for receptors
-Mechanisms of this “explosion” of not completely understood
-Evolved an ability to continuously respond to pathogenic microbes & threats to health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

functions of the lymphatic system

A
  1. Lymphatic capillaries absorb excess fluid & return to bloodstream
  2. In small intestine lymphatic capillaries absorb fats & transport them to bloodstream
  3. Lymphatic organs & vessels system produces, maintains, & distributes lymphocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the lymphatic capillary?

A

-smallest vessel of the lymphatic system; closed-ended; responsible for the uptake of fluids from the surrounding tissues
-Take up excess interstitial fluid called lymph
-Join to form lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is lymph?

A

excess interstitial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what happens in the primary lymphoid organs?

A

lymphocytes develop and mature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what happens in the red bone marrow ?

A

-T & B cells get produced
-B cell remain until mature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what happens in the thymus?

A

-T cell migrate & mature
-T cells learn to recognize combinations of self & foreign molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what happens in the lymph nodes?

A

-Resident phagocytic cells cleanse lymph
-“Present” debris or pathogens to T cells in lymph node

22
Q

what happens in the spleen?

A

Phagocytes remove old & defective blood cells

23
Q

What are the 4 innate immune defenses?

A
  1. Physical & chemical barriers
  2. Inflammatory response
  3. Phagocytes and natural killer cells
  4. Protective Proteins (complement & interferons)
24
Q

Functions of the physical and chemical barriers (skin)

A

-Mucous membranes traps particles
-Perspiration, salvia, tears contain antibacterial enzyme
-Acidic pH of stomach inhibits growth & kills many types of bacteria
-Normal flora (your natural bacteria) prevent potential pathogens

25
Q

functions of the inflammatory response

A

-Occurs with tissue damage
-Histamine & other chemicals produced
-Capillaries dilate: permeable & increase blood flow
-White blood cells migrate to damaged tissues
Phagocytes
Colony-stimulating factors cytokines
Cytokines stimulate production & release of more white blood cells
B & T cells activate

26
Q

functions of natural killer cells

A

-Kill virus-infected cells & cancer cells by cell-to-cell contact
-Work while adaptive defenses mobilizing
-Seeks cells that lack “self” molecule MHC-I
-Induce cells undergo apoptosis

27
Q

functions of protective proteins

A

-Complement activated with inflammation
1. Enhanced inflammation
2. Increased Phagocytosis
-phagocytes destroy pathogens
3. Membrane attack complexes
-attach themselves to pathogen and destroy outer membrane layer, allowing for fluid and salt to go inside and create lysis (cell pops)

28
Q

Components of adaptive immune defense

A

-While innate defenses fight infection adaptive defenses begin to respond
-Distinguish “self” from “nonself”
-B & T cells
1. Recognition of an antigen
2. Response to the antigen
3. Memory of the antigen

29
Q

What is a B-cell receptor (BCR)

A

Molecule on surface of a B cell that binds to a specific antigen

30
Q

How do B cells activate?

A

-when BCRs bind to a specific antigen
-Cytokines from helper T cells stimulate B cells to undergo clonal expansion

31
Q

what is clonal expansion?

A

activated b cells will continue to divide and multiply

32
Q

what is clonal selection theory?

A

antigen selects which lymphocyte will undergo clonal expansion and produce more lymphocytes bearing same type of receptor

33
Q

a what happens to B cells after activation?

A

-Many become plasma cells: mature B cell that mass-produces antibodies
-Others become memory B cell: forms during a primary immune response but enters a resting phase until a secondary immune response occurs

34
Q

what is an antibody

A

protein produced in response to the presence of an antigen; each antibody combines with a specific antigen

35
Q

How antibodies work:

A
  1. Immune complex
    -clump around pathogen and signal to white blood cells
  2. Activate compliment system
  3. Neutralize pathogen by preventing them from binding to specific receptors on cells
    -render them ineffective until they naturally deteriorate
36
Q

What is a t-cell receptor (TCR)

A

receptor for an antigen on surface of T cell

37
Q

how do t-cell receptors work

A

-Unable to recognize antigen without help
-Antigen must be displayed to TCR by an MHC protein on surface of infected cell

38
Q

what is an MHC protein?

A

protein markers that is a part of cell-surface markers anchored in the plasma membrane, which the immune system uses to identify “self.”

39
Q

how do helper t-cells work

A

-Regulate adaptive immunity
-Recognize & respond to antigens presented by specialized APCS (white blood cells such as macrophages) with MHC-II proteins (identifies “self)
-APC displays antigen with MHC-II
-Allows for Helper T Cells to bond
-Secrete specialized cytokines
—-Helper T cells will check for MHC protein and antigen, if both present, release cytokines

40
Q

How do cytotoxic t cells work

A

-MHC-I proteins; found in most cells
-cytotoxic binds to body cell that has MHC-I protein and antigen, if both, releases perforin
-burns holes in plasma membrane, releases granzymes
-Granzymes enter & cause cell to undergo apoptosis
-Moves onto next infected cell
-Most short lived; others become memory cells

41
Q

what is active immunity?

A

individuals produce own immune response against an antigen

42
Q

what is passive immunity?

A

protection against infection acquired by transfer of antibodies to a susceptible individual

43
Q

what is immunization?

A

strategy that utilizes vaccines for achieving immunity to the effects of specific disease-causing agents

44
Q

Immunodeficiencies: SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency)

A

both T & B cells either lacking or not functioning well enough to protect body

45
Q

Immunodeficiencies: XLA (x-linked agammaglobulinemia)

A

mutated gene on X chromosome needed for proper development of B cells

46
Q

What are allergies?

A

hypersensitivity to substances that ordinarily would not harm the body

47
Q

what are immediate allergic responses?

A

-can occur within secs of contact
-Release histamine & other substances bring about systems of allergy
-Inflammatory response

48
Q

what is anaphylactic shock?

A

-immediate allergic response that occurs after an allergen enters bloodstream
-Sudden & life threatening drop in blood pressure
-Antihistamines treat mid to moderate allergies
-Serious cases injection of allergen to stimulate high quantities of antibody

49
Q

What causes autoimmune diseases?

A

-Immune system mistakenly attacks bodys own cells or molecules
-Some autoimmune disorders only affect specific tissues
-Others affect multiple organs and tissue types
No cures available

50
Q

What causes transplant rejection?

A

-MHC proteins of individuals differ
-Immune system attack foreign tissue with different MHC proteins

bio II exam 1 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions