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bio II exam 1 > chapter 35: respiratory systems > Flashcards

chapter 35: respiratory systems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is respiration

A

sequence of events that results in gas exchange between the body’s cells and environment

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2
Q

respiration includes what three things

A
  1. Ventilation
  2. External respiration
  3. Internal respiration
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3
Q

what is ventilation

A

(breathing)
Includes both external and internal respiration, it is not directly involved in the exchange of gases

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4
Q

what is external respiration

A

air & blood within the lungs

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5
Q

what is internal respiration

A

blood & tissue fluid

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6
Q

gas exchange occurs by what process

A

diffusion

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7
Q

what is diffusion

A

passive movement of small molecules across a membrane (typically plasma membrane)

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8
Q

in what conditions is diffusion effective

A
  1. Moist
  2. Thin
  3. Large surface area
  4. Enhanced by presence of blood capillaries
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9
Q

what happens as a result of oxygen being more difficult to obtain from the water than from the air

A

-Aquatic animals expend more energy carrying out gas exchange
-Fish use 25%+ of energy to respire; terrestrial mammals use 1-2%

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10
Q

how does body surface respiration work

A

-Small & shaped to allow for body surface for gas-exchange
-Larges surface to area compared to size
-Or many capillaries close to skin
-cells close to internal and external environment, simplistic body plan

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11
Q

what are gills

A

-finely divided, vascularized outgrowths of body surface or pharynx
-Various methods & specialized appendages to keep water moving
-Gills utilize a countercurrent exchange system

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12
Q

what is a countercurrent exchange system

A

Blood flows in the opposite direction to the water that flows over the fish’s gills. Fish gills have gill filaments and these filaments have protrusions called lamellae which the water flows over.

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13
Q

how does the tracheal system of insects work

A

-Internal organs in cavity hemocoel
-Contain hemolymph
-Flows freely
-Circulation inefficient
-Trachea respiratory system
-Air enters into through spiracles
-Branch into smaller tubules tracheoles

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14
Q

where does the human respiratory system begin

A

Begins in nasal cavity travels to pharynx
-Food and air both enter pharynx; potential danger

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15
Q

functions of nose and upper respiratory system

A

-Cilia and hairs help to filter out foreign materials
-Air filtered, warm, & humidified by time enters lungs
-Air reaching lungs body temperature & saturated with water

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16
Q

what is the glottis

A

passageway through larynx by which air enters trachea

17
Q

what does the trachea divide into

A

-Trachea divides to two primary bronchi
-Branching continues forming greater number of smaller passages bronchioles
-Each terminates in elongated space enclosed by air sacs called alveoli
-Oxygen-poor blood becomes oxygen-rich blood

18
Q

3 respiratory organs

A
  1. Gills
  2. Tracheal System
  3. Lungs
19
Q

how does breathing and the transport of gases work

A

Oxygen moves into blood; carbon dioxide into lungs
Blood transports oxygen to cell & carbon dioxide to lungs
Negative pressure to move air in lungs

20
Q

what is boyles law

A

At a constant temperature the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume
-When sides move out, air pressure decreases, air moves in
-When sides push in, air pressure increases, air moves out

21
Q

Which of the following events involves the exchange of gases across a cell membrane?

a.
External respiration only

b.
Internal respiration only

c.
Ventilation and external respiration

d.
External respiration and internal respiration

e.
Ventilation only

A

d.
External respiration and internal respiration

22
Q

In small animals, such as hydra and earthworms, the most common structure used for gas exchange is the

a.
Gills

b.
Lungs

c.
Cardiovascular system

d.
Body surface

A

d.
Body surface

23
Q

How do insects overcome the inefficiency of their hemolymph flow in taking oxygen to their tissues?

a.
Insects have highly vascularized extensions of their body walls, called parapodia

b.
Their respiratory system consists of tracheae, which are tiny air tubes that take oxygen directly to the cells

c.
Their bodies are tubular, thus increasing the body surface area where gaseous exchange takes place

d.
A countercurrent mechanism ensures that the maximum amount of oxygen is absorbed from the environment

A

b.
Their respiratory system consists of tracheae, which are tiny air tubes that take oxygen directly to the cells

24
Q

The exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood occurs by

a.
Osmosis

b.
Active transport

c.
Ionic bonding

d.
Diffusion

e.
Filtration

A

d.
Diffusion

25
Q

Which statement is not true about the human respiratory system?

a.
The glottis is the passageway through the larynx by which air enters the trachea

b.
The glottis is closed by the forward movement of the soft palate during swallowing

c.
Air reaching the lungs has been warmed to body temperature by passage through the nose and upper respiratory passageways

d.
Food and air both enter the pharynx, presenting a potential danger to respiration

e.
Cilia and hairs in the nose help to filter out foreign materials in the air

A

b.
The glottis is closed by the forward movement of the soft palate during swallowing

26
Q

what is tidal ventilation

A

-Air moves in & out by the same route
-Lungs not completely emptied & refilled during each breath cycle
-All terrestrial vertebrates except birds

27
Q

what is one way ventilation

A

-Air enters posterior air sacs
-Air enters lungs
-Then anterior air sacs
-Unidirectional flow
-Greater absorption of oxygen
-birds

28
Q

gas exchange and transport uses diffusion by what?

A

partial pressure

29
Q

what is partial pressure?

A

pressure exerted by each gas in a mixture of gases

30
Q

how does gas exchange and transport work

A

-Ventilation causes alveoli to have high oxygen pressure & low CO2 pressure
-When blood reaches tissues lower oxygen & high CO2 pressure
-alveoli - good for gas exchange
-moist
-thin membrane
-large surface area

bio II exam 1 (6 decks)

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