chapter 31: animal organization and homeostasis

Question 1

What is the order of complexity?

Answer 1

1. Small molecules
2. Large molecules
3. Cells
4. Tissues
5. Organs
6. Organ systems
7. Complex organisms

Question 2

What are tissues?

Answer 2

Collections of specialized cells of the same or similar type that perform a common function in the body

Question 3

Where can epithelial tissue be found?

Answer 3

Body surfaces, lines body cavities, forms glands

Question 4

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

Answer 4

Protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration

Question 5

Epithelial tissue is exposed to environment on one and side and attached to the __________ on the other.

Answer 5

basement membrane: thin layer of protein that anchor epithelium to extracellular matrix

Question 6

What are the two types of epithelial tissue?

Answer 6

Simple and Stratified (one layer, multiple layers)

Question 7

Location and function of simple squamous epithelial tissue

Answer 7

-linings of lungs, blood vessels
-allows diffusion

Question 8

Location and function of simple cuboidal epithelial tissue.

Answer 8

-lining of kidney tubules, various glands
-absorbs molecules

Question 9

Location and function of simple columnar epithelial tissue.

Answer 9

-lining of small intestine, uterine tubes
-absorbs nutrients

Question 10

Location and function of pseudostratified, ciliated columnar epithelial tissue.

Answer 10

-lining of trachea
-sweeps impurities toward throat

Question 11

Location and function of stratified squamous epithelial tissue.

Answer 11

-lining of nose, mouth, esophagus, anal canal, vagina
-protects

Question 12

What is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue type?

Answer 12

connective

Question 13

3 components of connective tissue

Answer 13

1. specialized cells
2. ground substance - noncellular material
3. Protein fibers

Question 14

3 types of protein fibers

Answer 14

collagen, reticular, elastic

Question 15

What are collagen fibers?

Answer 15

protein that gives flexibility & strength

Question 16

What are reticular fibers?

Answer 16

highly branched; delicate support networks

Question 17

What are elastic fibers?

Answer 17

protein that is not as strong as collagen but more flexible

Question 18

Characteristics, location and function of loose fibrous connective tissue?

Answer 18

-has space between components
-occurs beneath skin and most epithelial layers
-functions in support and binds organs

Question 19

Characteristics, location and function of adipose tissue (connective tissue)?

Answer 19

-cells are filled with fat
-occurs beneath skin, around heart and other organs
-functions in insulation, stores fat

Question 20

Characteristics, location and function of dense fibrous connective tissue?

Answer 20

-has collagenous fibers closely packed
-in dermis of skin, tendons, ligaments
-functions in support

Question 21

Characteristics, location and function of hyaline cartilage (connective tissue).

Answer 21

-has cells in lacunae
-occurs in nose; in the walls of respiratory passages; at ends of bones, including ribs
-functions in support and protection

Question 22

Characteristics, location and function of compact bone (connective tissue)

Answer 22

-has cells in concentric rings
-occurs in bones of skeleton
-functions in support and protection

Question 23

What is blood?

Answer 23

A connective tissue in which cells are embedded in a liquid matrix (plasma)

Question 24

blood contains interstitial fluid, what is that?

Answer 24

fluid that surrounds body’s cells; consist of dissolved substances that leave blood capillaries by filtration and diffusion

Question 25

what is a lymph?

Answer 25

fluid connective tissue located in lymphatic vessels

Question 26

Characteristics, location, and function of lymph

Answer 26

-Lymphatic vessels absorb excess interstitial fluid & return it to cardiovascular system -Lymph nodes occur along length of lymph vessels -works in getting rid of waste and debris

Question 27

What type of tissue contracts and accounts for movements of organs or the entire body

Answer 27

muscular tissue

Question 28

What is muscular tissue composed of and what does it do?

Answer 28

muscle fibers, generates heat

Question 29

3 types of muscular tissue

Answer 29

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

Question 30

Characteristics, location, and function of skeletal muscle?

Answer 30

-has striated cells with multiple nuclei -fused -occurs in muscles attached to skeleton -functions in voluntary movement of body -actin and myosin bonds

Question 31

Characteristics, location, and function of smooth muscle.

Answer 31

-has spindle-shaped cells, each with a single nucleus -unfused -cells have no striations -functions in movement of substances in lumens of body -is involuntary -found in blood vessel walls and walls of digestive tract, around organs

Question 32

Characteristics, location, and function of cardiac muscle.

Answer 32

-has branching, striated cells, each with a single nucleus -unfused -occurs in the wall of the heart -functions in the pumping of blood -is involuntary

Question 33

What tissue conducts electrical impulses and is responsible for receiving, interpreting, & producing a response to stimuli?

Answer 33

nervous

Question 34

two types of nervous tissue cells

Answer 34

neurons and neuroganglia

Question 35

3 functions of nervous tissue

Answer 35

1. Sensory input (from environment) 2. Integration of data (integrates sensory input) 3. Motor output (motor response to sensory input)

Question 36

What do neurons do?

Answer 36

conduct electrical impulses and transmit information

Question 37

3 parts of neurons and their functions

Answer 37

1. Dendrites - conduct electrical impulse 2. Axon - takes electrical signal and transmits it away from cell body and transmits it to next neuron (covered by myelin sheath) 3. Cell body - transmitting electrical signal and performs daily cellular tasks

Question 38

Functions of neuralgia

Answer 38

-Neuroglia support and protect neurons -Provide neurons with nutrients and keep them free of cellular debris (outnumber neurons 10:1)

Question 39

what is an organ?

Answer 39

Composed of two or more tissue types working together for a particular function

Question 40

what is an organ system?

Answer 40

Composed of various organs that cooperate to carry out a general process

Question 41

what is a body cavity?

Answer 41

defined region of body where organs reside

Question 42

What are the two main body cavities of vertebrates? What are they divided into?

Answer 42

Dorsal divided into two : cranial & vertebral Ventral divided into three: thoracic, abdominal, pelvic

Question 43

4 Functions of the Integumentary system

Answer 43

1. Protection 2. Thermoregulation 3. Can be involved in gas exchange & prevention of water loss 4. Monitor touch, pressure, temperature, pain

Question 44

characteristics of epidermis

Answer 44

-Stratified squamous epithelium -New cells derive from stem cells become flattened & hardened toward surface -keratinization: outer layer of skin cells are actually dead -Prevent water loss

Question 45

characteristics of dermis

Answer 45

-Region of dense fibrous connective tissue -made up of collagen and elastic fibers -allows skin to move with body -Blood vessels nourish skin -Sensory receptors specialized nerve endings that respond to external stimuli -Regulates temperature

Question 46

characteristics of subcutaneous layer

Answer 46

-Technically not part of skin -participates in function -Loose connective tissue -Adipose tissue -modified fibroblasts that store fat -energy reservoir for skin and thermal source

Question 47

What are some accessory structures?

Answer 47

Nails Hair Follicles Sweat Glands Feather Scales

Question 48

What is homeostasis?

Answer 48

maintenance of normal internal conditions in a cell or an organism by means of self-regulating mechanisms

Question 49

What is negative feedback?

Answer 49

-Primary mechanism -At least two components: sensor & control -Normal conditions reached sensor no longer activated -counteractive

Question 50

What is positive feedback?

Answer 50

-Continually greater change in same direction -Significant change in short period of time -Does not result in equilibrium -Does not occur as often as negative feedback

Question 51

Which statement about connective tissue is not true? a. Loose connective tissue contains fibroblasts, different types of fiber, and a nonliving matrix b. Fibrous connective tissue includes bone and cartilage c. Adipose tissue provides insulation and padding in organs such as the skin d. Blood is a connective tissue that contains a fluid matrix

Answer 51

b. Fibrous connective tissue includes bone and cartilage

Question 52

Skeletal muscle a. Is not under voluntary control b. Is found in the walls of the intestines and stomach c. Has bands of actin and myosin filaments d. Is made of extremely small cells with one nucleus

Answer 52

c. Has bands of actin and myosin filaments

Question 53

Which statement is not true about nervous tissue? a. Neuroglia support and protect neurons b. The dendrites carry electrical impulses away from the cell body of the neuron c. Cells in the nervous system that conduct electrical impulses are called neurons d. Neuroglia provide neurons with nutrients and keep them free of cellular debris

Answer 53

b. The dendrites carry electrical impulses away from the cell body of the neuron

Question 54

Which of the following is a function of the skin? a. Monitor touch, pressure, temperature, and pain b. Preventing water loss c. Thermoregulation d. All of the answer choices are functions of the skin

Answer 54

d. All of the answer choices are functions of the skin

Question 55

What type of fiber accounts for the strength of various connective tissues? a. Elastic b. Actin c. Reticular d. Collagen

Answer 55

d. Collagen