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BIO 1620 > Chapter 35 - Plant Structure > Flashcards

Chapter 35 - Plant Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

From what point do the roots and shoots of vascular plants grow?

A

They grow from the tips (apices)

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2
Q

What are the functions of roots?

A
  • anchor the plants
  • penetrates soil to absorb water and minerals
  • can exert huge forces as they grow
  • adapted to living on land; roots are how they get water on land
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3
Q

What are the functions of shoots?

A
  • stems are the scaffolding for positioning leaves
  • leaves are the main site of photosynthesis; in the leaf tissues
  • flowers, fruits, and seeds formed on shoot
  • opposite direction of roots
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4
Q

What is the repeating unit of shoots?

A

internode, node, leaf, and axillary bud

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5
Q

Where is the Axillary bud located?

A

between the branch and the internode

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6
Q

Where is the Internode located?

A

in between branches

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7
Q

Where is the node located?

A

where the stems branch out

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8
Q

Name the 3 types of tissues composing roots and shoots:

A
  • dermal tissue
  • ground tissue
  • vascular tissue
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9
Q

Dermal tissue

A
  • epidermis
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10
Q

Ground tissue

A
  • plants

- used for storage, photosynthesis, secretion, forming fibers for support and protection

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11
Q

Vascular tissue

A

conducts fluids and dissolved substances

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12
Q

What is a meristem?

A
  • specialized cells in the root and shoot apices and other parts of the plant
  • acts like stem cells in animals
  • a meristem cell divides to give rise to a differentiating daughter cell and a cell remains as a meristem cell
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13
Q

Where are apical meristems located?

A

located at tips of roots and shoots

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14
Q

Apical meristems

A
  • involved with extension of roots and shoots

- new cells are added at tips

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15
Q

Primary tissues

A

tissues derived from apical meristems; the new ones

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16
Q

Primary Plant body

A

Extension of root and stem

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17
Q

Root cap

A

protects delicate cells of root apical meristem; sloughed off and replaced as root grows through soil - produces slimy substance to help push through soil

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18
Q

Leaf Primordia

A

shelters growing shoot apical meristems from desiccation

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19
Q

Apical meristems give rise to what 3 tissue systems:

A

Protoderm, procambium, ground meristem

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20
Q

Protoderm

A

forms epidermis

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21
Q

Procambium

A

produces primary xylem (water transport) and primary phloem (nutrient transport)

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22
Q

Ground meristem

A

differentiates into more ground tissue

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23
Q

What is intercalary meristems and where would you find them?

A

found in horsetails and corns; more specifically found in the internodes and add to the length of the internodes

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24
Q

What type of growth is involved with lateral meristems?

A

increases in root and shoot diameter known as secondary growth

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25
Q

Lateral meristems

A

form from ground tissue that is derived from apical meristems (monocots are the major exception)

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26
Q

Secondary growth

A

can increase girth in non-woody plants, but the effects are most striking in woody plants

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27
Q

What 2 lateral meristems are in woody plants?

A

cork cambium and vascular cambium

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28
Q

Cork cambium

A

what makes the bark; contributes to outer bark of tree

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29
Q

Vascular cambium

A

located just beneath bark; produces vascular tissue

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30
Q

What is secondary xylem?

A

main component of wood

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31
Q

What is secondary phloem?

A

close to outer surface of woody stem

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32
Q

What happens if secondary phloem is damaged or removed?

A

remove bark of tree - damage to phloem - may eventually kill tree

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33
Q

Secondary tissues

A

most of the trunk of a tree, branches, and older roots of trees and shrubs

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34
Q

Secondary Plant Body

A

all the secondary tissues

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35
Q

Dermal Tissue Examples

A

One cell thick in most plants

  • forms outer protective covering of plant
  • cuticle composed of fatty cutin to protect young, exposed parts of plants
  • desert succulents may also have several layers of wax to curb water loss and help block UV radiation
  • sometimes dermal tissue forms tree bark
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36
Q

Guard cells

A
  • example of dermal tissue forming tree bark
  • paired, sausage-shaped cells that flank a stoma (opening) on the leaves, stems, and fruits of plants
  • contains chloroplasts, unlike other epidermal cells
  • allow passage of oxygen and carbon dioxide and diffusion of water in vapor form
  • many times, stomata are more numerous on underside of leaves (minimizes water loss), but water lilies are the exception
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37
Q

Trichomes

A
  • hairlike outgrowths of epidermis
  • found frequently on stems, leaves, and reproductive organs
  • function in keeping leaf surfaces cool, reducing water evaporation, protecting from UV radiation and highlight intensity, serving as a buffer against temperature fluctuations
  • glandular trichomes may secrete sticky or toxic substances
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38
Q

Root Hairs

A
  • extensions of epidermal cells, but not a separate cell

- increase surface area to maximize water and mineral uptake

39
Q

What is ground tissue?

A
  • all vascular and epidermal tissue

- makes up the bulk of the plant

40
Q

Parenchyma

A
  • type of ground tissue
  • most common type of plant cell
  • function is storage of food and water, photosynthesis, and secretion
  • cells may live for many years (over 100 years in some cacti)
  • ## most of the cells in fruits such as apple are parenchyma
41
Q

Chlorenchyma

A
  • a photosynthetic parenchyma

- found in leaves and out parts of herbaceous systems

42
Q

Collenchym

A
  • example is celery strings
  • tough, but flexible cells support plant organs allowing them to bend without breaking
  • found in stems and leaf petioles
  • have living protoplasm just like parenchyma and can live for many years
43
Q

Sclerenchyma

A
  • cells have tough, thick walls
  • mature cells don’t have living protoplasm
  • cells contain lignin that make cell walls more rigid
44
Q

Two forms of Sclerenchyma

A

1) fibers forming long, slender strands; linen woven from sclerenchyma fibers of flax plant
2) sclereids vary in shape and are often branched; gritty texture of a pear is from groups of sclereids in soft flesh of fruit

45
Q

Vascular Tissue

A

xylem, phloem

46
Q

Xylem

A

principal water-conducting tissue made up of vessels and tracheids

47
Q

How does water move through the xylem?

A

water moves in an unbroken stream through the xylem from roots to shoots to the leaves

48
Q

Transpiration

A

diffusion of water vapor from a plant

49
Q

Phloem

A

principal food-conducting tissue in vascular plants; is composed of sieve cells and sieve tube members

50
Q

Roots adapted for..

A

growing underground and absorbing water and solutes

51
Q

What are the four regions of roots?

A
  • root cap
  • zone of cell division
  • zone of elongation
  • zone of maturation
52
Q

Root cap

A

protects the root and functions in perception of gravity; can tell up from down

53
Q

Zone of cell division

A

contains apical meristem

54
Q

Zone of elongation

A

extends root through soil

55
Q

Zone of maturation

A

cells become differentiated

56
Q

Modified roots

A

1) taproots
2) fibrous root
3) adventitious roots

57
Q

Adventitious roots

A

roots that arise from the stem or some place other than the root of the plant
- can function in support, stability, acquisition of oxygen, storage of water and food, or parasitism of a host plant

58
Q

Taproots

A

consist of single large root w/ smaller branching roots

59
Q

Fibrous roots

A

systems are made up of many small roots of similar size

60
Q

What are the function of stems?

A

they carry leaves and flowers and support the plant’s weight

61
Q

Where are the leaves attached?

A

they are attached to the stems at the node

62
Q

What are the types of leaf arrangements?

A

alternate, opposite, and whorled

63
Q

What is the most common leaf arrangement?

A

most often the leaves are arranged spirally around the stem 137.5 degrees apart - this angle relates to the golden mean.

64
Q

Golden mean

A

a mathematical ratio found in nature

65
Q

What is the significance of the 137.5 degrees apart?

A

May maximize the exposure of leaves to the sun

66
Q

Arrangement of vascular bundles in Monocots

A

vascular bundles are scattered throughout the ground tissue of the stem

67
Q

Arrangement of vascular bundles in Eudicots

A

vascular bundles are arranged in a ring around the outside of the stem - the interior of the stem is pithy

68
Q

Secondary growth in Monocots

A

does not have secondary growth

69
Q

Secondary growth in Eudicots

A

exhibits secondary growth as the vascular cambium produces secondary growth; this shows up as annual growth rings

70
Q

What do modified stems do?

A

they carry out vegetative propagation and store nutrients

71
Q

What are some examples of modified stems?

A

Bulbs, corms, rhizomes, runners and stolons, tubers, and tendrils

72
Q

Bulbs

A

swollen underground stem consisting of fleshy leaves attached to small knob-like stems with adventitious roots at the base
EX. onions, lilies, and tulips

73
Q

Corms

A

sort of look like bulbs, but when cut, there are no fleshy leaves - they are stems with some brown, papery nonfunctional leaves on the outside and some adventitious roots
EX. Crocus, gladiolus

74
Q

Rhizomes

A

Horizontal stems that grow underground - adventitious roots grow from the lower surface
EX. ferns, bearded iris, perennial grasses

75
Q

Runners and stolons

A

Horizontal stems with long internodes that grow just above the surface of the ground
EX. Strawberries

76
Q

Tubers

A

tips of rhizomes swell and become tubers - the “eye” of the potato is evidence where a leaf is formed when the tuber started to grow - the eye is an axillary bud and will grow into a new potato plant

77
Q

Tendrils

A

twining stems that aid in climbing

EX. English Ivy, grapes

78
Q

What are some modified leaves

A

tendrils of peas and pumpkins

79
Q

What is the primary function of leaves?

A

is the primary site for photosynthesis

80
Q

Leaves are determinate structures, what does this mean?

A

they stop growing at maturity

81
Q

Leaf anatomy

A

most leaves have dorso-ventral symmetry resulting in more surface area for photosynthesis

82
Q

Blade

A

main part of leaf

83
Q

Petiole

A

stalk that attaches leaf to main stem of plant

84
Q

Veins

A

vascular bundles made of xylem and phloem

85
Q

Veins in Monocots

A

have parallel leaf veins

86
Q

Veins in Eudicots

A

have netted or reticulate veins

87
Q

Simple leaves

A

blades are not divided

88
Q

Compound leaves

A

blades divided into leaflets

89
Q

What are the three types of tissues in leaves?

A

a) epidermis with guard cells
b) vascular tissue
c) mesophyll (site of photosynthesis)

90
Q

Modified leaves include:

A

floral leaves, spines, reproductive leaves, insectivorous leaves

91
Q

Floral leaves

A

(bracts) surround the true flowers (which can be quite small) and act as showy petals
EX. poinsettia, dogwood

92
Q

Spines

A

(not the same thorns or prickles) are modified leaves on cacti and some other plants - they can reduce water loss and can deter predators

93
Q

Reproductive leaves

A

little plant-lets growing along margins that when separated can grow into a full-sized plant (kalanchoe)

94
Q

insectivorous leaves

A

traps insects to provide supplemental nutrition - these plants often live in acid swamps that do not provide all the nutrients the plant requires
EX. sundews, Venus flytrap, pitcher plants

BIO 1620 (6 decks)

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