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BIO 1620 > Chapter 31 - Fungi > Flashcards

Chapter 31 - Fungi Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Fungi are most related to what kingdom?

A

Animals

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2
Q

What substance is found in the cell walls of fungi? And is also found in what other organisms?

A

• chitin

- found in exoskeletons of arthropods

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3
Q

Hyphae

A

Individual filaments in the body of the fungus

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4
Q

Mycelium

A

A mass of connected hyphae in the body of the fungus

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5
Q

Monokaryotic

A
  • (separate)

* hyphae w/one nucleus

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6
Q

Dikaryotic

A

Hyphae w/2 nuclei

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7
Q

Heterokaryotic

A

Nuclei from 2 genetically distinct individuals

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8
Q

Homokaryotic

A

Nuclei from genetically similar individuals

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9
Q

Coenocytic

A

Hyphae made up of a continuous cytoplasmic mass w/hundreds or thousands of nuclei

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10
Q

What is the relevant unit of reproduction in fungi?

A

The nucleus; not the cell

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11
Q

How do fungi take in nutrients?

A
  • heterotrophic

* excrete enzymes for external digestion and then absorb digested products (saprobic)

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12
Q

How does sexual reproduction occur in fungi?

A
  • involves fusion of hyphae from 2 compatible mating types or hyphae from the same fungus
  • compatibly is determined by pheromones released by hyphae
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13
Q

Plasmogamy

A

Union of the cytoplasms of two parent mycelia followed by

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14
Q

Karygomy

A

Fusion of haploid nuclei from the parent mycelia; produces diploid nucleus

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15
Q

How do fungi reproduce asexually?

A
  • spores spread; dispersed by wind

* yeast (unicellular example) can reproduce by budding

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16
Q

Features of chytridiomycota

A
  • fungi w/flagellated zoospores
  • aquatic, flagellated fungi
  • can be plant pathogens
  • can be parasites of other fungi, protists, and animals
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17
Q

Chytrids have been implicated in the die-off of what organisms around the world?

A

Amphibians

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18
Q

Key characteristics of zygomycota

A
  • produces zygotes
  • Rhizopus found growing in moist bread or fruit
  • the simple type feeds on sugars
19
Q

Sexual Reproductive cycle of Rhizopus

A
  • plasmogamy produces a sturdy structure called a zygosporangium
  • karyogamy entails fusion of haploid resulting in diploid zygote nuclei
20
Q

Asexual reproductive cycle of Rhizopus

A
  • more common

* sporangia release thin-walled haploid spores which may be dispersed by wind

21
Q

Characteristics of Glomeromycota

A
  • can not survive w/out a host plant
  • mutualism is involved where the fungus provides minerals (especially phosphorus) to the plant and the plant provided carbohydrates to the fungus
  • grows within root cells of most trees & herbaceous plants; these hyphae are called arbuscular mycorrhizae
22
Q

Characteristics of Ascomycota

A
  • make up 75% of known fungi
  • examples include yeast, common molds, morels, cup fungi, and truffles
  • this phylum also includes plant pathogens such as those that cause chestnut blight and Dutch elm disease
23
Q

How do yeasts reproduce?

A

Cell fission or budding

24
Q

Characteristics of basidiomycota

A
  • visible reproductive structure = basidiocarp
  • EX. Mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, shelf fungi (breaks down lignin in wood), etc
  • sexually reproduce w/basidia; gills on the undersurface of the mushroom cap produce numbers of spores
25
Q

What 2 substances are fungi able to breakdown

A

Lignin and cellulose which then releases carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus resulting in making these elements available to other organisms

26
Q

Obligate Symbiosis

A
  • essential to survival

* they have to have that relationship w another organism to live

27
Q

Facultative symbiosis

A

• fungus can survive w out a host

28
Q

Pathogen

A
  • fungus benefits and host is harmed or killed

* they can cause disease

29
Q

Parasite

A
  • fungus benefits and host is harmed or killed

* does not cause disease except in extreme situations

30
Q

Commensalism

A

• only one partner benefits and the other is unaffected

31
Q

Mutualism

A

• both the fungus and host benefit

32
Q

Endophytes

A
  • live inside plants and may protect them from parasites

* some produce chemical toxins or other deterrents to keep things away

33
Q

Lichens

A
  • are an example of symbiosis
  • composer of a fungus (usually ascomycete) along w/Cyanobacteria, green algae, or both
  • can live in very harsh habitats
  • usually the first to colonize an area
  • break down rocks and help prepare for invasion of other organisms
  • produce bright pigments (some used as dyes)
  • some are used to indicated air quality as they can absorb rain and dew
  • few are found in or near cities and as pollution decreases, their population increases
34
Q

Mycorrhizae

A
  • Associated w/roots of plants
  • means fungus roots
  • fungal hyphae increases amount of contact w/soil & surface area for absorption
  • aid in direct transfer of phosphorus, zinc, copper, and other minerals
35
Q

Haustoria

A

Specialized hyphae used to extract from or exchange nutrients w plant host

36
Q

Arbuscular Mycorrhizae

A

Grow within the outer cells of the plant root

37
Q

Ectomycorrhizae

A

Surround root cells but do not penetrate them

38
Q

Examples of symbiosis between fungi and animals

A
  • ruminant animals have fungi in their gut

* ants provide food for fungi and then eat fungi

39
Q

Fusarium

A
  • grows on spoiled food

* produces vomitoxin that can cause brain damage in animals/humans in sw us

40
Q

Aspergillus

A
  • Produces aflatoxins that are very carcinogenic (cancerous)
  • strains are on corn, peanuts, cotton seeds
  • can damage kidneys & nervous system
  • considered a bioterrorism agent
41
Q

Corn smut

A

Damages corn but is not harmful to animals or humans that consume it

42
Q

Ergot

A
  • fungus associated w rye and other cereal grains
  • an alkaloid toxin is produced & if eaten can cause hallucinations, nervous spasms, gangrene, and burning sensations
  • lysergic Avis has been isolated from ergot and is used to make LSD
  • implicated Salem witch trials
43
Q

Why are fungal infections difficult to treat?

A

They are eukaryotes and antibiotics cannot be used to treat them

44
Q

Examples of fungal diseases

A
  • ringworm
  • athletes foot
  • thrush
  • nail fungus
  • oral or vaginal infections caused by candida
  • mold allergies

BIO 1620 (6 decks)

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