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BIO 1620 > Chapter 28 - Protists > Flashcards

Chapter 28 - Protists Flashcards

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1
Q

How far back in time do eukaryotes go?

A

2.7 billion years (educated guess)

  • some microfossils are believed to be 1.5 billion years old
  • nucleus and ER may have evolved from infoldings of membranes
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2
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory

A

“Condition of living together within”

  • a relationship between 2 species in which one organism lives inside the cell or cells of another organism (the host)
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3
Q

Endosymbiosis Theory

- Evidence & Examples

A
  • Mitochondria may have evolved from aerobic bacteria by a larger cell - endosymbiosis
  • Chloroplasts/plastids may have evolved from photosynthetic bacteria that were engulfed - endosymbiosis/secondary endosymbiosis
  • several organelles contain their own DNA
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4
Q

“Kingdom Protista is paraphyletic and not a kingdom at all…”

A
  • run along side each other

* they have been lumped together for lack of knowledge of evolutionary relationships that could sort them out

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5
Q

By what means do protists move?

A
  • Flagella/Cilia
  • Pseudopodia (axopodia/filopodia)
  • other means of propulsion
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6
Q

Phototrophs

A
  • rely on light for energy

* can and do make their own nutrients

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7
Q

Heterotrophs

A

• Get their nutrients from another source
• Cannot make their nutrients
- osmotrophs ingest food in soluble form
- phagotrophs bring visible food particles into food vacuoles

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8
Q

Mixotrophs

A

Both heterotrophic and phototrophic

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9
Q

Protists means of reproduction

A

Asexual: Budding, mitosis, & schizogeny

Sexual: meiosis allows for genetic recombination

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10
Q

Budding

A

A new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site

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11
Q

Schizogony

A

Nucleus undergoes division preceding cell division - produces daughter cells called merozoites

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12
Q

Genetic Recombination

A

Exchange of genetic material between different organisms which leads to production of offspring with a combination of traits that differs from those found in either parent

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13
Q

What are the four supergroups of eukaryotes?

A
  • Excavata
  • Sar
  • Archaeplastida
  • Unikonta
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14
Q

Excavata

A
  • Diplomonads
  • Basalids
  • Euglenozoans
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15
Q

SAR

A
  • Diatoms
  • Golden Algae
  • Brown Algae
Chromalveolata
• Dinoflagellates
• Apicomplexans
• Ciliates
• Radiolarians
• Forams
• Cercozoans
Oomycetes
  • Stramenopila
  • Alveolata
  • Rhizaria
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16
Q

Archaeplastida

A
  • Red algae
  • Chlorophytes
  • Charophytes
  • Plants
  • Green Algae
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17
Q

Unikonta

A
  • Slime molds
  • Tubulinids
  • Entamoebas
  • Gymnamoebas
  • Nucleariids
  • Fungi
  • Choanoflagellates
  • Animals
  • Amoebozoans
  • Opisthokonts
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18
Q

Basic characteristics of diplomonads

A
  • 2 nuclei
  • unicellular
  • move w/multiple flagella
  • modified mitochondria called mitosomes
  • Giadaria intestinalis causes diarrhea; parasite found in contaminated water & can pass from human to human
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19
Q

Basic characteristics of parabasalids

A
  • have undulating membranes
  • move w/ flagella
  • reduced mitochondria called hydrogenosomes
  • Trichonympha species: lives in the gut of termites and digest cellulose
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20
Q

Basic characteristics of euglenoids

A
  • Free living eukaryotes
  • Pocket at one end w/one or 2 flagella
  • have mitochondria
  • flexible pellicle can change shape
  • 1/3 of euglenoids have chloroplasts & are fully autotrophic; may become heterotrophic in the dark
  • others lack chloroplasts & are heterotrophic
  • reproductive by mitosis
  • no known sexual reproduction
  • Euglena is photosynthetic
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21
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

A

STD in humans

  • parabasalids
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22
Q

Basic characteristics of kinetoplastids

A
  • 2nd major group in Euglenozoa
  • refers to unique, single mitochondria in each cell
  • Evade immune response w/bait and switch defense; surface proteins are changed frequently
  • Trypanosomes are disease-causing kinetoplastids
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23
Q

African Sleeping sickness

A
  • disease caused by kinetoplastids

* transmitted by tsetse fly

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24
Q

Leishmaniasis

A
  • Caused by kinetoplastids

* transmitted from sand flies

25
Q

Chagas disease

A
  • caused by kinetoplastids

* transmitted by trypanosoma; small mammals carry the parasite

26
Q

Basic characteristics of dinoflagellates

A
  • photosynthetic unicells
  • have two flagella located in grooves in the cellulose plate
  • both marine & freshwater (majority in salt water)
  • some are luminous
  • “red tides” result from “blooms” of dinoflagellates - reproduction is crazy & can kill other animals/people if ingested
  • “red tides” are detrimental to fishing industry
  • they produce powerful toxin that inhibits diaphragm causing respiratory failure in vertebrates
  • abundance of toxic dinoflagellates may result in death of marine mammals, fish, and birds which eat fish
  • reproduce primarily by asexual reproduction (no sexual)
27
Q

Basic characteristics of apicomplexans

A
  • Spore-forming parasites of mammals
  • have apical complex of organelles, vacuoles, fibrils, microtubules at one end of the cell

EX. Plasmodium causes malaria
- vector for plasmodium is the anopheles mosquito

28
Q

Plasmodium Life Cycle - Step One

A

Mosquito bites person/animal & injects sporozoites into mammals system

29
Q

Plasmodium Life Cycle - Step Two

A

The sporozoites travel to the liver via bloodstream

30
Q

Plasmodium Life Cycle - Step Three

A

Sporozoites become merozoites and gametocytes

31
Q

Plasmodium Life Cycle - Step Four

A

Liver cells burst (lyse) releasing more merozoites and gametocytes

32
Q

Plasmodium Life Cycle - Step Five

A

Mosquito bites infected person picking up female & male gametocytes

33
Q

Plasmodium Life Cycle - Step Six

A

Fertilization occurs in digestive tract of mosquito forming a zygote

34
Q

Plasmodium Life Cycle - Step Seven

A

Zygotes undergo meiosis

35
Q

Plasmodium Life Cycle - Step Eight

A

An oocyst releases a haploid sporozoites that migrate to the mosquitoes salivary glands

36
Q

Basic characteristics of ciliates

A
  • have large #’s of cilia arranged in longitudinal rows or spirals
  • Some cilia May be fused into sheets, spikes, or rods that function as mouths, paddles, teeth, or feet
  • has a pellicle
  • Unicellular heterotrophs
  • micro nucleus may only be needed for sexual reproduction
  • Macro nucleus divided by mitosis & is involved w/physiological function
  • vacuoles for ingesting food & maintaining water balance
  • conjugation involves exchange of micro nuclei
37
Q

Conjugation

A

Process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact

38
Q

Conjugation in Paramecia

A
  • long way divided (looks like a mustache) - mitosis
  • paramecium are parallel to each other & trade DNA
  • 3 of 4 haploid cells disintegrate & 1 is kept - the one that stays goes through mitosis a second time
  • once traded paramecia goes off
  • 1 diploid micro nucleus
  • this diploid goes through mitosis; making eight diploid cells - 4 macro nuclei & 4 micro
  • divided until there are 4 paramecia each w 1 macro nuclei and 1 micro
39
Q

4 types of stramenopila

A
  • Brown algae
  • Golden Algae
  • Diatoms
  • Oomycetes
40
Q

Brown Algae

A

• most conspicuous seaweeds in northern regions (kelps)
• Thallus (the whole body) is a blade, stipe, and holdfast
• Algin: gel-forming substance used to thicken puddings, salad dressings, etc
• undergoes alterations of generations
- Sporophyte (spore planet diploid) goes through meiosis to produce spores
- Gametophyte (gamete plant) are smaller, filamentous individuals

41
Q

Golden algae

A
  • biflagellate
  • freshwater or marine (plankton)
  • All are photosynthetic; some mixotrophic
  • Most unicellular; some colonial
  • many species can form protective cysts if environmental conditions deteriorate
42
Q

Diatoms

A
  • unicellular; photosynthetic organisms
  • phytoplankton
  • double shells (looks like a box w/lid)
  • made w/opaline silica
  • live diatoms can withstand pressures as great as 1.4 mil kg/m^2 (equal to the pressure under each leg of a table supporting an elephant)
  • Vibrating fibrils line grooves (raphes)
  • Diatomaceous earth - filtering medium
43
Q

Oomycetes

A
  • water molds
  • all are parasites or saprobes
  • used to be categorized as fungi
  • have motile spores (zoospores) w/2 unequal flagella
  • sexual reproduction via male and female gametes
  • zoospores reproduce asexually
  • most live in water but terrestrial forms are plant pathogens
44
Q

Phytophthora Infestans

A
  • causes late blight of potatoes

* Irish potato famine

45
Q

Saprolegnia

A
  • fish pathogen

* can infect amphibians and kill amphibian eggs

46
Q

Basic characteristics of radiolarians

A
  • Glassy exoskeleton of silica
  • bilateral or radial symmetry
  • pseudopodia extend outward through small openings in the exoskeleton
  • forms most of the ooze on sea floor
47
Q

Basic characteristics of foraminiferans

A
  • heterotrophic & marine protists
  • many can derive nourishment from photosynthesis of symbiotic algae living within their tests
  • fossils created limestone deposits (White cliffs of Dover)
  • have tests (shells) of organic substances w/grains of calcium carbonate, sand, bits of echinoderm shells or, sponge spicules
  • have podia (cytoplasmic projections) for gathering food and materials for their test and for swimming
48
Q

Basic characteristics of cercozoans

A
  • contains most of the amoeboid & flagellated protists that feed w/threadlike pseudopodia
  • found in marine & freshwater; also in soil
  • most are parasites or predators
49
Q

Basic characteristics of red algae

A
  • no centrioles, no flagella
  • aka rhodophytes
  • reproduce by alternation of generations
  • produce pigments that give them a red color
  • Porphyra is Japanese nori used to wrap sushi
50
Q

Basic characteristics of green algae

A

• divided into two groups; charophytes & chlorophytes
• charophytes most related to land
• most chlorophytes have complex life cycles w/ both asexual and sexual reproduction
- biflagellated gametes w/cup-shaped chloroplasts

51
Q

Unicellular chlorophytes

A
  • 7000+ species mostly found in freshwater (some marine & terrestrial forms)
  • chlamydomonas are simple, unicellular, resemble gametes or zoospores of more complex chlorophytes
  • habitats include water (phytoplankton), damp, soil, inside eukaryotes (symbiosis), and snow
52
Q

Colonial & multicellular chlorophytes

A

• Volvox is colonial as are filamentous forms of algae that form pond scum
• ulva forms true multicellular bodies by cell division and differentiation
- (sea lettuce) has developed alternation of generations
• Caulerpa shows repeated division of nuclei w/no cytoplasmic division so it is one big super cell

53
Q

Amoeboids

A
  • Plasmodial slime molds
  • Cellular slime molds
  • Tubulinids
  • Entamoebas
54
Q

Plasmodial Slime Molds

A
  • multinucleate, moving mass of cytoplasm - feeding phase
  • usually yellow or orange color
  • feed on bacteria, yeast, & other organic material
  • undergoes synchronous mitosis
  • form sporangium under adverse conditions
55
Q

Cellular Slime Molds

A
  • individuals act like amoebas
  • eat bacteria
  • if food is scarce they aggregate to form a moving slug
56
Q

Tubulinids

A
  • used to be gymnamoebas
  • large and varied group
  • free living
  • found in soil, freshwater, saltwater
  • heterotrophs that feed on bacteria, other protists, & detritus
57
Q

Entamoebas

A

• parasites of vertebrates & some invertebrates
• E. Histolytica causes amebic dysentery & is spread via contaminated food, water, or eating utensils
- May sometimes get to the brain and cause abscesses

58
Q

Choanoflagellida

A
  • most common ancestor of the sponges
  • have single flagellum surrounded by collar of shorter filaments
  • feed by straining bacteria from water w/their collar

BIO 1620 (6 decks)

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