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BIO 1620 > Chapter 30 - Plant Diversity II > Flashcards

Chapter 30 - Plant Diversity II Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the advantages of producing a seed?

A
  • seeds can move away from the mother plant; do not have to be attached
  • seed plants are dominant producers on land
  • 12000 years ago humans began cultivating plants
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2
Q

Name five derived traits of seed plants.

A

1) Reduced Gametophytes
2) Heterospory
3) Ovules
4) Pollen
5) Seeds

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3
Q

Reduced gametophyte

A

microscopic male and female gametophytes (n) are nourished and protected by the sporophyte (2n)

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4
Q

Heterospory and what types?

A

Other or different spores

microspore (gives rise to a male gametophyte) megaspore (gives rise to a female gametophyte)

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5
Q

Ovules

A

Inside each ovule, a female gametophyte develops from a megaspore and produces one or more eggs

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6
Q

Pollen

A

pollen grains make water unnecessary for fertilization; pollination occurs when pollen is transferred to the part of the seed plant that contains the ovules

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7
Q

Seeds

A

survive better than unprotected spores; can be transported long distances (by wind or animals)

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8
Q

Pollination Tip

A
  • ovules not completely enclosed in sporophyte tissue at pollination
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9
Q

Where is the female and male gametophyte located in a seed plant?

A

-

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10
Q

What are the four groups of gymnosperms?

A
  • Coniferophytes
  • Cycadophytes
  • Gnetophytes
  • Ginkgophytes
  • all lack flowers and true fruits
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11
Q

Conifers

A
  • largest gymnosperm phylum
  • tallest and oldest vascular plants
    EX. pines, spruces, firs, cedars
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12
Q

Pine (conifer)

A
  • cluster of two to five tough, needle like leaves
  • Produces male and female cones
  • microsporangia develop into four-celled pollen grains
  • megasporangium produces megaspores one of which becomes female gametophyte
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13
Q

Cycadophytes

A
  • resemble palms, but are not flowering plants
  • heights of 15 meters or more
  • produces cones
  • some female cones can be huge
  • sperm have flagella
  • life cycle like that of conifers
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14
Q

Gnetophytes

A
  • only gymnosperms to have vessels in their xylem; vessels are a particularly efficient conducting cell type that is a common feature of angiosperms
    EX. Welwitschia from southwestern Africa
    EX. Ephedra found worldwide; source of ephedrine - taken off market in 2004 because linked to strokes and heart attacks
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15
Q

Ginkgophytes

A
  • only one species remains extant
  • Ginkgo biloba has broad leaves that shed in fall
  • sperm have flagella
  • dioecious - separate male and female trees
  • Fleshy covering of female seeds is very stinky like rancid butter
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16
Q

Angiosperms

A
  • more than 250000 known species
  • enclosed ovules within diploid tissue at time of pollination
  • produce fruit (from carpel)
  • origins are a mystery
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17
Q

Examples of Angiosperms

A
  • Archaefructaceae (extinct family) may be sister clade, but debate continues
  • Amborella trichopoda thought to be the closest living relative to the first angiosperm
18
Q

Flowers

A
  • house the gametophyte generation of angiosperms

- are modified stems that bear modified leaves

19
Q

Flowers have four whorls

A

1) sepals - 3 to 5 and green, leaflike
2) petals - 3 to 5 and often colored
3) androecium = stamens
4) gynoecium = one or more carpels

20
Q

Stamens produce

A

produce haploid pollen (the male gametophyte)

21
Q

Carpel: 3 Major regions

A
  • ovary, stigma, and style
  • the carpel contains the female gametophyte
  • the ovary becomes the fruit
22
Q

Fruits are adapted for

A

dispersal

23
Q

3 layers of ovary wall are:

A
  • exocarp (outside)
  • mesocarp (middle)
  • endocarp (inside)
24
Q

All 3 layers of ovary wall are called:

A

pericarp

* fates of these layers determines whether the fruit is fleshy or dry and hard

25
Q

Fruits allow what to colonize large areas?

A

angiosperms

26
Q

Fruits with fleshy coverings that are black, blue, or red are dispersed by what?

A

Birds and vertebrates

27
Q

Fruits dispersed by birds and vertebrates have what?

A

A hard seed coat that is resistant to stomach acid or digestive enzymes

28
Q

Fruits with hooked spines (burrs) are dispersed by what?

A

animal fur or human’s clothing

29
Q

What buries acorns and nuts that could result in sprouting in the spring?

A

squirrels and other mammals

30
Q

Fruits of maple, ash, and elm trees have what that aid in wind dispersal?

A

“wings”

31
Q

Orchids have what that aids in wind dispersal?

A

dust like seeds

32
Q

Dandelions have what that float on wind currents?

A

seeds with “parachutes”

33
Q

What other plants have similar adaptions for wind dispersal like dandelions?

A

Milkweeds, cottonwood trees, willows, goat’s beard, and others

34
Q

How do coconuts practice dispersal?

A

They can float in water to disperse to another island

35
Q

Most species use flowers to attract pollinators and reproduce?

A
  • nectarines
  • scent
  • some can be pollinated by wind, usually grass, trees, some flowers
36
Q

The angiosperm life cycle includes:

A

double fertilization

37
Q

Angiosperm Life Cycle

A
  • Megaspore produces 8 haploid nuclei
  • Female gametophyte consists of embryo sac and the 8 nuclei in only 7 cells
  • Most important are the egg and the two polar nuclei in the single cell
  • Pollen grain (after landing on receptive stigma) forms pollen tube toward embryo sac
  • Two sperm pass through the tube
  • One fuses with egg to form zygote
  • Other sperm fuses with polar bodies to form triploid endosperm nucleus
  • Endosperm will nourish the embryo
38
Q

Monocots

A
  • one cotyledon
  • parallel veins
  • scattered vascular tissue
  • fibrous root system
  • pollen grain with one opening
  • floral organs in multiples of three
39
Q

Eudicots

A
  • two cotyledons
  • net like veins
  • vascular tissue arranged in a ring
  • taproot usually present
  • pollen grains with three openings
  • floral organs usually in multiples of 4 or 5
40
Q

In what ways do humans depend on seed plants?

A

food, wood, and many medicines

41
Q

Why should we be concerned about the destruction of habitat across the world?

A

threatens the extinction of many plant species and the animal species they support

BIO 1620 (6 decks)

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