Chapter 35-37 Review

Question 1

(Definition) meeting of Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin in February 1945 at an old statist resort on the Black Sea, where the Big Three leaders laid the foundations for the postwar division of power in Europe, including a divided Germany and territorial concessions to the Soviet Union.

Answer 1

Yalta Conference

Question 2

What countries were considered the “Big Three?”

Answer 2

United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union

Question 3

As per the Yalta Agreements, what three countries were to have free elections?

Answer 3

Poland, Bulgaria, and Romania.

Question 4

How long did the US refuse to recognize the Bolshevik revolutionary government in Moscow?

Answer 4

16 years.

Question 5

What are two similarities between the US and the USSR?

Answer 5

Both were largely isolated from world affairs before WWII. Both bad “missionary” diplomacy.

Question 6

(Definition) the forty five year long diplomatic tension between the US and the Soviet Union that divided much of the world into polarized camps, capitalist against communist.

Answer 6

Cold War

Question 7

(Definition) (1944) meeting of Western Allies to establish a postwar international economic order to avoid crises like the one that spawned WWII. Led to the creation of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, designed to regulate currency levels and provide aid to underdeveloped countries.

Answer 7

Breton Woods Conference

Question 8

(Definition) International body formed in 1945 to bring nations into dialogue in hopes of preventing further World Wars.

Answer 8

United Nations (U.N.)

Question 9

(Definition) Highly publicized proceedings against former Nazi leaders for war crimes and crimes against humanity in postwar Germany.

Answer 9

Nuremberg War Crimes Trial (1945-1946)

Question 10

What four countries each occupied a “zone” in Germany at the end of WWII?

Answer 10

France, Britain, US, Soviet Union.

Question 11

Year long mission of flying food and supplies to blockaded West Berliners, whom the Soviet Union cut off from access to the west in the first major crisis of the Cold War.

Answer 11

Berlin Airlift

Question 12

Americas strategy against the Soviet Union based on the ideas of George Kennan. The doctrine declared that the Soviet Union and communism were inherently expansionist and had to be stopped from spreading through both military and political pressure.

Answer 12

Containment Doctrine

Question 13

President Truman’s universal pledge of support for any people fighting any communist or communist inspired threat.

Answer 13

Truman Doctrine

Question 14

Massive transfer of aid money to help rebuild postwar Western Europe, intended to bolster capitalist and democratic governments and prevent domestic communist groups from riding poverty and misery to power.

Answer 14

Marshall Plan

Question 15

In what year did Congress pass the National Security Act?

Answer 15

1947

Question 16

What department did the National security Act create? What agency did it create?

Answer 16

The department of defense. The Central Intelligence Agency.

Question 17

Military alliance of Western European powers and the US and Canada established in 1949 to defend against the common threat from the Soviet Union, marking a giant stride forward for European unity and American internationalism.

Answer 17

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Question 18

National Security Council recommendation to quadruple defense spending and rapidly expand peacetime armed forces to address Cold War tensions. It reflected a new militarization of American foreign policy, but the huge costs of rearmament were not expected to interfere with what seemed like the limitless possibilities of postwar prosperity.

Answer 18

National Security Council Memorandum Number 68 (NSC-68)

Question 19

First “hot war” of the Cold War. It began when the Soviet-backed North Koreans invaded South Korea and the UN forces, dominated by the US, launches a counteroffensive. The war ended in stalemate in 1953.

Answer 19

Korean War

Question 20

Why was MacArthur removed as the US general during the Korean War?

Answer 20

Because he began criticizing Truman’s wartime decisions.

Question 21

In 1949, 11 communists were brought before a NY jury for violating what Act?

Answer 21

The Smith Act of 1940.

Question 22

Investigatory body established in 1938 to root out “subversion.” Sought to expose communist influence in American government and society, in particular through the trial of Alger Hiss.

Answer 22

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

Question 23

What two senators lead the search for Communists?

Answer 23

Richard Nixon and Joseph McCarthy.

Question 24

A brand of vitriolic, fear-mongering anti communism associated with the career of Senator Joseph McCarthy. In the early 1950s, senator McCarthy used his position in congress to baselessly accuse high ranking government officials and other Americans of conspiracy with communism.

Answer 24

McCarthyism

Question 25

Congressional hearings called by Senator Joseph McCarthy to accuse members of the army of communist ties. In this widely televised spectacle, McCarthy finally went too far for public approval. The hearings exposed the senator’s extremism and lead to his eventual disgrace.

Answer 25

Army-McCarthy Hearings

Question 26

Order issued by President Truman to desegregate the armed forces. The president’s action resulted from, a combination of pressure from civil rights advocates, election-year political calculations, and the new geopolitical context of the Cold War.

Answer 26

Executive Order 9981