AP Test Super Review Flashcards
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Established the Supreme Court’s power of judicial review over congress.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Established the federal government’s limited powers over the states.
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Gave congress the ability to regulate interstate commerce.
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)
Established trust relationship between federal government and tribes under their authority.
Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
Gave tribes autonomous control of their land within the boundaries set.
Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842)
Labor unions were ruled lawful and strikes were lawful weapons.
Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
Denied citizenship to African American slaves.
U.S. v. E.C. Knight (1895)
Commerce said to be regulated interstate without restriction on products going out of state.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Upheld “separate but equal” segregation laws in states.
Lochner v. New York (1905)
Reversed limitation on bakers’ work hours according to due process and right to contract.
Schenck v. United States (1919)
Limits freedom of speech in the 1st Amendment when there is a clear and present danger to national security.
Adkins v. Children’s Hospital (1923)
Minimum wage law for women unconstitutional on the grounds of denying women the freedom of contract.
Korematsu v. United States (1944)
Upheld internment of Japanese Americans during WWII.
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Separating black and white students in public schools is unconstitutional.
Mueller v. Oregon (1908)
Upheld sex discrimination labeling women as the “child bearers” not being able to work long hours.
Buck v. Bell (1927)
Upheld the legality of terminating the mentally ill in protection/health of the state.
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
Any evidence found in violation of the 4th amendment may not be used in state law criminal prosecutions.
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Criminal defendants have a right to an attorney even if they cannot afford one.
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Prisoners must be advised of their rights before being questioned by police.
Loving v. Virginia (1967)
Invalidated state laws prohibiting interracial marriage.
Roe v. Wade (1973)
Women have a constitutional right to an abortion during the first two trimesters.
United States v. Nixon (1974)
President cannot use executive privilege to withhold evidence from criminal trial.
University of California v. Bakke (1978)
Upheld affirmative action on the basis of using race in selecting participants in college.
Texas v. Johnson (1989)
Flag burning was protected by the 1st amendment as freedom of speech.
Bush v. Gore (2000)
No recount feasible in reasonable amount of time, process had not been violated.
District of Columbia v. Heller (2008)
Citizens have a right to possess firearms at home for self defense.
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010)
Corporations and unions can spend unlimited amounts in elections.
Shelby County v. Holder (2013)
State and local government do not need federal approval to change voting laws.
United States v. Windsor (2013)
Federal government must provide benefits to legally married same sex couples.
Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)
Same sex marriage legalized across all 50 states.
(Definition) the transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between New and Old World societies after 1492.
Colombian Exchange
(Definition) system of exchanging the labor of Native American labor for the European colonists’ promise to christianize them. Borderline slavery.
Encomienda system.
(Definition) companies made up of groups of investors who bought the right to establish plantations from the king.
Joint-stock companies
Where was the first attempt by the English to establish a colony in America in 1586 (where colonists mysteriously disappeared)?
Roanoke
(Definition) Agricultural system employed by North American Indians as early as 1000 AD; maize, beans, and squash were grown together to maximize yields.
Three-sister farming
Name of the treaty signed by Spain and Portugal that divided the territories of the New World, signed in 1494.
Treaty of Tordesillas
(1680) Pueblo Indian rebellion that drove Spanish settlers from New Mexico.
Pope’s Rebellion
(1649) Passed in Maryland, it guaranteed toleration to all Christians but decreed the death penalty for those who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ. Ensured that Maryland would continue to attract a high proportion of Catholic migrants throughout the colonial period.
Act of Toleration
The first successful settlement in the Virginia colony founded in 1607. This settlement became part of the Joint Stock Virginia Company of London in 1620.
Jamestown
A poor person obligated to a fixed term of unpaid labor, often in exchange for a benefit such as transportation, protection, or training. A practice where plantation owners paid for people’s voyages in exchange for a certain amount of years’ work.
Indentured servants
The founder of Pennsylvania, the early ideas of democracy and religious freedom and he was famous for good relationships with Native Americans.
William Penn
The first joint-stock company in the Colonies. Founded Jamestown, promised gold, conversion of Indian to Christianity, and passage to the Indies.
Virginia Company
The first governing document of Plymouth Colony. It was drafted by the Pilgrims who crossed the Atlantic aboard the Mayflower, seeking religious freedom. Signed on November 11, 1620.
Mayflower Compact
An English settlement on the east coast of North America in the 17th century. Centered around the present-day cities of Salem and Boston.
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Written by Ben Franklin, it was filled with witty, insightful, and funny bits of observation and common sense advice.
Poor Richard’s Almanac
(1749-1744) Puritanism had declined by the 1730s, and people were upset about the decline in religious piety. This event was a sudden outbreak of religious fervor that swept through the colonies.
Great Awakening
1637 conflict between an alliance of Mass. bay and Plymouth colonies, with American Indian allies, against the Pequot Indians. This war saw the elimination of the Pequot in New England, and is exemplary of the Puritanism use of genocide towards Native Americans.
Pequot War
First legislative assembly in the New World, established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619.
Virginia House of Burgesses
An uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony, first rebellion on the American colonies in which discontented frontiersmen took part.
Bacon’s Rebellion
A three way system of trade during the 1600s-1800s. Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe and Europe sent guns and Rum to Africa.
Triangle Trade
Regulated trade in order to benefit the British economy. The acts restricted trade between England and its colonies to English or colonial ships, required certain colonial goods to pass and though New England before export.
Navigation Acts
A period from 1607-1763 in which England did not strictly enforce Parliamentary laws, which allowed the colonies to flourish as almost independent states for many years.
Salutary Neglect
The most successful Indian revolt against the Europeans; pueblo Indians in 1680, led by pope, attached Spanish settlers and killed some 400; maintained independence in New Mexico until 10 years later, when the Spanish returned and conquered the Indians.
Pueblo Revolt
(Person) Came up with the Natural Rights “life, liberty, and property.”
John Locke
