Chapter 33 Nutrition: Key Terms Flashcards
Amino Acids
Organic compound of one or more basic groups and one or more carboxyl groups. Amino acids are the building blocks that construct proteins and the end products of protein digestion
Anabolism
Constructive metabolism characterized by conversion of simple substances into more complex compounds of living matter
Anthropometry
Measurement of various body parts to determine nutritional and caloric status, muscular development, brain growth, and other parameters
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
Amount of energy used in a unit of time by a fasting, resting subject to maintain vital functions
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Calculated by height and weight in children and adults is a reliable indicator of body fat
Carbohydrates
Dietary classification of foods comprising sugars, starches, cellulose, and gum
Catabolism
Breakdown of body tissue into simpler substances
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
Information on each vitamin or mineral to reflect a range of minimum to maximum amounts that avert deficiency or toxicity
Dysphagia
Difficulty in swallowing, commonly associated with obstructive or motor disorders of the esophagus
Enteral Nutrition (EN)
Provision of nutrients through the gastrointestinal tract when the patient cannot ingest, chew or swallow food but can digest and absorb nutrients
Gluconeogensis
Formation of glucose or glycogen from substances that are not carbohydrate, such as protein or lipid
Glycogenesis
The process for storage of glucose in the form of glycogen in the liver
Ideal Body Weight (IBW)
Standard normal for height and weight comparasion
Jejunostomy Tube
Hollow tube inserted into the jejunum through the abdominal wall for administration of liquefied foods to patients who have high risk of aspiration
Lipid
Compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents
Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT)
Use of specific nutritional therapies to treat an illness, injury, or condition
Metabolism
Aggregate of all chemical processes that take place in living organisms, resulting in growth, generation of energy, elimination of wastes, and other functions concerned with the distribution of nutrients in the blood after digestion
Minerals
Inorganic elements essential to the body because of their role as catalysts in biochemical reactions
Monounsaturated Fatty Acid
A fatty acid in which some of the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain are joined by double or triple bonds.
Have only 1 double of triple bond per molecule and are found as components of fats in such foods as fowls, almonds, pecans, cashew nuts, peanuts, and olive oil
Nitrogen Balance
Equal nitrogen input and output
Nutrient
Foods that contain elements necessary for body function, including water, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals
Parenteral Nutrition (PN)
The administration of a nutritional solution into the vascular system
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid
Fatty acid that has two or more carbon double bonds
Saturated Fatty Acid
Fatty acid in which each carbon in the chain has an attached hydrogen atom
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
Fatty acid in which an unequal number of hydrogen atoms are attached and the carbon atoms attach to each other with a double bond
Vitamins
Organic compounds essential in small quantities for normal physiological and metabolic functioning of the body. With a few exceptions, vitamins cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from the diet or dietary supplements
