Chapter 33 Nutrition: Key Terms

Question 1

Amino Acids

Answer 1

Organic compound of one or more basic groups and one or more carboxyl groups. Amino acids are the building blocks that construct proteins and the end products of protein digestion

Question 2

Anabolism

Answer 2

Constructive metabolism characterized by conversion of simple substances into more complex compounds of living matter

Question 3

Anthropometry

Answer 3

Measurement of various body parts to determine nutritional and caloric status, muscular development, brain growth, and other parameters

Question 4

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Answer 4

Amount of energy used in a unit of time by a fasting, resting subject to maintain vital functions

Question 5

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Answer 5

Calculated by height and weight in children and adults is a reliable indicator of body fat

Question 6

Carbohydrates

Answer 6

Dietary classification of foods comprising sugars, starches, cellulose, and gum

Question 7

Catabolism

Answer 7

Breakdown of body tissue into simpler substances

Question 8

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)

Answer 8

Information on each vitamin or mineral to reflect a range of minimum to maximum amounts that avert deficiency or toxicity

Question 9

Dysphagia

Answer 9

Difficulty in swallowing, commonly associated with obstructive or motor disorders of the esophagus

Question 10

Enteral Nutrition (EN)

Answer 10

Provision of nutrients through the gastrointestinal tract when the patient cannot ingest, chew or swallow food but can digest and absorb nutrients

Question 11

Gluconeogensis

Answer 11

Formation of glucose or glycogen from substances that are not carbohydrate, such as protein or lipid

Question 12

Glycogenesis

Answer 12

The process for storage of glucose in the form of glycogen in the liver

Question 13

Ideal Body Weight (IBW)

Answer 13

Standard normal for height and weight comparasion

Question 14

Jejunostomy Tube

Answer 14

Hollow tube inserted into the jejunum through the abdominal wall for administration of liquefied foods to patients who have high risk of aspiration

Question 15

Lipid

Answer 15

Compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents

Question 16

Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT)

Answer 16

Use of specific nutritional therapies to treat an illness, injury, or condition

Question 17

Metabolism

Answer 17

Aggregate of all chemical processes that take place in living organisms, resulting in growth, generation of energy, elimination of wastes, and other functions concerned with the distribution of nutrients in the blood after digestion

Question 18

Minerals

Answer 18

Inorganic elements essential to the body because of their role as catalysts in biochemical reactions

Question 19

Monounsaturated Fatty Acid

Answer 19

A fatty acid in which some of the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain are joined by double or triple bonds.
Have only 1 double of triple bond per molecule and are found as components of fats in such foods as fowls, almonds, pecans, cashew nuts, peanuts, and olive oil

Question 20

Nitrogen Balance

Answer 20

Equal nitrogen input and output

Question 21

Nutrient

Answer 21

Foods that contain elements necessary for body function, including water, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals

Question 22

Parenteral Nutrition (PN)

Answer 22

The administration of a nutritional solution into the vascular system

Question 23

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid

Answer 23

Fatty acid that has two or more carbon double bonds

Question 24

Saturated Fatty Acid

Answer 24

Fatty acid in which each carbon in the chain has an attached hydrogen atom

Question 25

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Answer 25

Fatty acid in which an unequal number of hydrogen atoms are attached and the carbon atoms attach to each other with a double bond

Question 26

Vitamins

Answer 26

Organic compounds essential in small quantities for normal physiological and metabolic functioning of the body. With a few exceptions, vitamins cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from the diet or dietary supplements