Chapter 29 Hygiene: Functions of the Skin and Implications for Care

Question 1

Protection Description and Function

Answer 1

The epidermis is the relatively impermeable skin layer that prevents entrance of microorganisms. Although microorganisms reside on skin surfaces and in hair follicles, relative dryness of the surface inhibits bacterial growth. Sebum removes bacteria from the hair follicles. Acidic pH of skin further slows bacterial growth.

Question 2

Protection Implications for Care

Answer 2

Weakening of epidermis occurs by scraping or stripping its surface as by use of dry razors , tape removal, or improper turning or positioning techniques. Excessive dryness causes cracks and breaks in skin and mucosa that allow bacteria to enter. Emollients soften and prevent moisture loss; soaking improves moisture retention; and hydration of mucosa prevents dryness.
Constant exposure to moisture causes maceration or softening, which interrupts dermal integrity and promotes ulcers and bacteria growth. Keep bed linen and clothing dry. Misuse of soap, detergents, cosmetics, deodorant, and depilatories causes chemical irritation.
Alkaline soaps neutralizes the protective acid condition of the skin.
Cleaning removes excess oil, sweat, dead skin cells, and dirt, which promote bacterial growth

Question 3

Sensation Description and Function

Answer 3

The skin contains sensory organs for touch, pain, heat, cold, and pressure

Question 4

Sensation Implications for Care

Answer 4

Minimize friction to avoid loss of stratum corneum, which increases risk for pressure ulcers. Smoothing linen removes sources of mechanical irritation. Remove rings during bathing to prevent injuring a patient’s skin. Make sure that bath water is not too hot or cold

Question 5

Temperature Regulation Description and Function

Answer 5

Radiation, evaporation, conduction, and convection control body temperature.

Question 6

Temperature Regulation Implications for Care

Answer 6

Factors that interfere with heat loss can alter temperature control.
Wet bed linen or gowns increase heat loss.
Excess blankets or bed coverings interfere with heat loss through radiation and conduction. Coverings conserve heat

Question 7

Excretion and Secretion Description and Function

Answer 7

Sweat promotes heat loss by evaporation. Sebum lubricates skin and hair

Question 8

Excretion and Secretion Implications for Care

Answer 8

Perspiration and oil sometimes harbor microorganism growth.

Bathing removes excess body secretions, although excessive bathing causes dry skin