(Chapter 3.3) Chemical Reactions: Reactions in Life Flashcards
Uses of acids
Acids are used in industry, fertilisers, and foods
Use of bases
Bases are used for cleaning – soaps and cleaning agents
What is gastric reflux?
The failure of the sphincter, a ring of muscle, between the stomach and the esophagus to keep gastric acids in the stomach
What is gastric acid?
A digestive fluid formed in the stomach. Also known as stomach acid
Is the environment of the stomach acidic, basic, or neutral and why?
Acidic as the lining of the stomach secretes an acid
Is the environment of the small intestine acidic, basic, or neutral and why?
Basic as the substances inside the small intestine work optimally in a basic environment and the lining of the small intestine gets damaged by acids
What substance in the stomach helps the body in digestion and how?
Gastric acid reduces the number of bacteria and breaks down proteins
What substance in the small intestine helps the body in digestion and how?
Enzymes break down fats
State the word and chemical equations of respiration
Word: Glucose + Oxygen –> Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP
Chemical: C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Define an aerobic reaction
A reaction used by organisms to convert oxygen into energy
State the word and chemical equations of lactic acid fermentation
Word: Glucose –> Lactic Acid + ATP
Chemical: C6H12O6 –> 2C3H6O3 + ATP
Why is respiration the prefered reaction?
Respiration yields 32 molecules of ATP from a singular molecule of glucose. On the other hand, latic acid fermentation only yields 2 molecules of ATP
State ethanol fermentation as a word and chemical equation
Word: Glucose –> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide + ATP
Chemical: C6H12O6 –> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + ATP
Why is ethanol written as C2H5OH not C2H6O
Ethanol is expressed as C2H5OH as a result of the way the atoms of the substance are bonded and it highlights the substance having a hydroxy group (OH)
In which organelle does photosynthesis occur in?
Chloroplasts
What is the difference between a chloroplast and chlorophyll
Chloroplast is an organelle in plants and certain algae which contains a green pigment – chlorophyll
What is the role of chlorophyll?
Chlorophyll absorbs light to power photosynthesis
State the written and chemical equations of photosynthesis
Written: Carbon Dioxide + Water –> Glucose + Oxygen
Chemical: 6CO2 + 6H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Note: below and above the arrow, chlorophyll and light are necessary
Out of the 4 chemical reactions, we have learnt so far, which can humans perform?
Respiration and lactic acid fermentation
Why is the ocean becoming more acidic?
Due to actions from humanity, the atmosphere has more carbon dioxide and more carbon dioxide is being dissolved in the water to form carbonic acid
Identify the substance(s) in gastric acid
Hydrochloric acid (HCl), potassium chloride (KCl), sodium chloride (NaCl), pepsin, and mucus
Identify the role of the various acids in gastric acid
The acids kills bacteria and provides a medium
Define pepsin
An enzyme in gastric acids that digests enzymes
Identify the role of mucus in gastric acid
Mucus protects the stomach lining from the acids it secretes
