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Y10 Science > (Chapter 1.1) Genetics and biotech: DNA and the genetic code > Flashcards

(Chapter 1.1) Genetics and biotech: DNA and the genetic code Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

True or False - Every organism has DNA

A

True

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3
Q

Who is credited for the discovery of DNA?

A

Watson and Crick

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4
Q

Which female made a significant contribution to DNA?

A

Rosalind Franklin

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5
Q

Define nucleic acid

A

Large biopolymers, macromolecules that play essential roles in all cells and viruses

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6
Q

Identify the main component(s) of a nucleotide

A

Nitrogenous base, 5-carbon-sugar, and phosphate group

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7
Q

Identify the nitrogenous bases in DNA

A

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine

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8
Q

Identify the pairing of nitrogenous bases in DNA

A

Adenine - Thymine

Cytosine - Guanine

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9
Q

Identify the nitrogenous bases that are classified as purines

A

Adenine and Guanine

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10
Q

Identify the nitrogenous bases that are classified as pyrimidine

A

Cytosine and Thymine

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11
Q

Why are adenine and guanine the 2 larger nitrogenous bases?

A

Adenine and guanine are the 2 larger nitrogenous bases as purines have a 2-ring structure

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12
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic acid

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13
Q

Identify the nitrogenous bases in RNA

A

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Uracil

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14
Q

Identifying the pairing of nitrogenous bases in RNA

A

Adenine - Uracil

Cytosine - Guanine

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15
Q

Define chromosome

A

A thread-like structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells. Composed of a singular DNA molecule

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16
Q

Identify the structure of DNA

A

2 polynucleotides coiled around each other to form the famous double-helix

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17
Q

Define DNA

A

A polymer that consists of 2 polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form the famous double helix, carrying genetic instructions for organisms and various viruses

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18
Q

Identify 2 nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

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19
Q

Identify the number of pairs of chromosomes in an average human

A

23

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20
Q

True or False: The number of chromosomes is not necessarily an indication of organism complexity

A

True

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21
Q

True or False: The number of chromosomes is not necessarily an indication of organism complexity

A

True

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22
Q

Define gene

A

A unit of heredity, which is transferred to descendants, that determines a few characteristics of the descendant

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23
Q

Define karyotype

A

One’s complete set of chromosomes

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24
Q

Arrange the following structures in ascending order: Cell, Chromosome, Gene, Nucleic Acid, Nucleotide and Protein

A

Nucleotide, Nucleic Acid, Gene, Chromosome, Protein and Cell

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25
Q

Define DNA replication

A

The biological process of producing 2 identical replicas of DNA from the original DNA strand

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26
Q

What bonds the nitrogenous bases together in nucleic acids?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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27
Q

Identify the role of the helicase

A

The helicase ‘unzips’ the DNA

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28
Q

Identify the role of the DNA polymerase

A

The DNA polymerase synthesises the nitrogenous bases on the coding strand and ‘proofreads’ its work

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29
Q

Contrast template and coding strand

A

The template strand is the original strand and is the

template for the coding strand, which is the newer strand

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30
Q

True or False: Replication is the first stage of both mitosis and meiosis

A

True

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31
Q

Define centromere

A

The region of a chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle fibres attach, through the kinetochore, during cell division. Or in English, the intersection of 2 chromatids in cell division

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32
Q

Identify the types of cell division

A

Mitosis and meiosis

33
Q

Define chromatid

A

1 identical chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division

34
Q

Identify the role of Okazaki fragments

A

The Okazaki fragments assist the polymerase in sythnesising the coding strand by dividing the strand into segments as the polymerase cannot sythnesise continuously

35
Q

What is the formal name for body cells?

A

Somatic cells

36
Q

Define diploid

A

2 sets of chromosomes

37
Q

Define haploid

A

A singular set of chromosomes

38
Q

Define homologus pairs

A

Corresponding pairs of chromosomes that contain the same genes, but not necessarily the same alleles

39
Q

What is the formal name for sex cells?

A

Gametes

40
Q

Identify the role of the 23rd pair of chromosomes

A

The 23rd pair of chromosomes decide the gender of the offspring

41
Q

Role of mitosis

A

Growth and repair in multicellular organisms

42
Q

Identify the phases of mitosis

A

(Interphase,) Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

43
Q

True or False: Interphase is a phase in cell division

A

False

44
Q

Describe prophase

A

Prophase is the first phase of mitosis, in which the duplicated chromatin, which is contained in the nucleus, condenses

45
Q

Define chromatin

A

The material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria consists of protein, RNA, and DNA

46
Q

Describe prometaphase

A

Prometaphase is the second phase of mitosis, in which the nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle fibres are formed.

47
Q

Define nuclear envelope

A

A lipid bilayer membrane in eukaryotic cells that surrounds the nucleus

48
Q

Identify the term nuclear envelope is also known as

A

Nuclear membrane

49
Q

Describe metaphase

A

Metaphase is the third phase of mitosis, in which the chromosomes align themselves into a singular line in the centre of the cell

50
Q

Define spindle fibres

A

Threads that form a protein structure that equally divides the genetic material in a cell

51
Q

Describe anaphase

A

Anaphase is the fourth phase of mitosis, in which the chromatids separate at the centromere and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell by the spindle fibers

52
Q

Role of kinetochore

A

The kinetochore assists the spindle fibres attach to the chromatids

53
Q

Describe telophase

A

Telophase is the fifth phase of mitosis, in which the 2 daughter cells are formed

54
Q

True or False: Both the parent and daughter cells in mitosis are diploid

A

True

55
Q

Identify the phases of meiosis

A

(interphase,) Prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis, (interphase II,) metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase II

56
Q

Identify the major phases of meiosis

A

Meiosis I and Meiosis II

57
Q

Identify whether somatic cells are haploid or diploid

A

Diploid

58
Q

Identify whether gametes are haploid or diploid

A

Haploid

59
Q

Visually, identify features that show whether the cell is at the phase of meiosis I or II

A

If there is a singular cell, then it is in the phase of meiosis I. If there is 2 cells, then it is in the phase of meiosis II

60
Q

Describe the process of meiosis

A

Basically, repeat the phases of mitosis twice

61
Q

Role of meiosis

A

A type of cell division that occurs in germ cells to form 4 gametes

62
Q

Outline the process of the development of male gametes

A

It starts off with a spermatagonium, which undergoes mitosis to form another spermatagonium and primary spermatocyte. Then, the primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis to form 4 spermatids, which develop to become sperm

63
Q

Outline the process of the development of female gametes

A

It starts off with a primordial follicle, which contains an oocyte and granulosa cells. Then, the primordial follicle undergoes mitosis and grows in size. Then, the primordial follicle undergoes meiosis to form a matured egg and 3 undeveloped eggs

64
Q

Define germ cell

A

Cells that create/develop in reproductive cells

65
Q

Define mutation

A

Changes in the structure of a gene, resulting in a variation, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes.

66
Q

Why are mutations relatively rare?

A

The polymerase’s ‘proofreading abilities’ ensures there are minimal errors

67
Q

Define amino acids

A

Molecules in (poly)peptides that form protein

68
Q

Define peptide

A

A string of amino acids

69
Q

Define codon

A

A sequence of 3 nucleic acids DNA or RNA

70
Q

Describe the link between amino acids and codons

A

An amino acid is coded by the codon

71
Q

Define mutagens

A

A physical or chemical agent that causes mutations

72
Q

Outline somatic mutation

A

A mutation that occurs during mitosis in somatic cells

73
Q

Outline germ-line mutation

A

A mutation that occurs during meiosis in germ cells, during the formation of gametes. Doesn’t impact the individual but is heritable

74
Q

Identify the genotype of females

A

XX

75
Q

Identify the genotype of males

A

XY

76
Q

Identify the types of RNA

A

mRNA(messenger), rRNA(ribosomal), and tRNA(transfer)

77
Q

Identify the role of mRNA(messenger)

A

mRNA carries protein blueprint from a cell’s DNA to a ribosome

78
Q

Identify the role of rRNA(ribosomal)

A

rRNA reads the order of amino acids and links amino acids together

79
Q

Identify the role of tRNA(transfer)

A

tRNA decodes an mRNA (messenger) sequence into a protein

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