(Chapter 1.2) Genetics and biotech: Genetic Inheritance Flashcards
Who is Gregor Mendel
An Austrian monk credited with discovering the fundamental laws of inheritance and the title of father of modern genetics
How did Gregor Mendel discover the fundamental laws of inheritance?
He experimented with true-breeding lines to understand the likelihood of different traits
True or False: Genes are inside cells and they control characteristics
True
True or False: 2 copies of each gene are present in gametes and both parents contribute a copy
False. Genes are present in all cells
True or False: Each gene is separate from the other prior to fertilisation and recombines at fertilisation; but, the factors do not blend
False. Chromosomes separate and recombine
True or False: The genes that control different characters are passed on to the offspring independently
True
Outline the Law of Segregation
The law states there are 2 copies of every gene in all sexually reproducing organisms that control each
characteristic, and the same genes are grouped together on homologous pairs of chromosomes.
During meiosis, these homologous
chromosomes segregate, with 1 copy of each chromosome and all the genes appearing in every gamete then these chromosomes recombine at fertilisation; however, they do not blend, but instead match together to form homologous pairs again
Outline the Law of Independent Assortment
The law states when chromosomes segregate in cell division, the side each chromatid is pulled to is random and that the alleles a gamete receives has no impact on the other alleles a gamete receives
Define genotype
A combination of alleles
Define allele
A variation of a gene that is inherited and is a singular letter in a genotype
Define phenotype
The physical characteristcs of an offspring, determined by the genotype
What is the formal term for true-breeding
Homozygous
Define homozygous
A genotype where both alleles are the same
Identify the terms classifed under homozygous
Homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive
Define homozygous dominant
A genotype where both alleles are the dominant allele
Define homozygous recessive
A genotype where both alleles are the recessive allele
Define heterozygous
A genotype where 1 allele is the dominant and the other is recessive
What is the formal term for the 23rd chromosomes?
Sex chromosomes
Define autosomal chromosomes
Chromosomes that have no impact on the gender of the offspring
Define monohybrid cross
A cross of a singular trait between the 2 parents
Define Punnet Square
A square diagram used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment
Define test cross
A genetic cross between a homozygous recessive individual and a corresponding suspected heterozygous to determine the genotype of the latter
True or False: Genetics is the only thing that impacts the phenotype
False. Environmental factors also impact the phenotype
Do environmental factors impact the genotype?
No
True or False: The Y chromosome is one of the longest chromosome while the X chromosome is one of the shortest chromosome
False. The X chromosome is one of the longest while the Y chromosome is one of the shortest
Define carrier
A carrier is an individual who does not have the phenotype for the trait but can pass it on to their offspring. In more simple terms, carriers are heterozygous for a recessive disorder
Given that an offspring is female, whose sex chromosomes does she inherit
She inherits either of her X chromosomes from either parent
Given that an offspring is male, whose sex chromosomes does he inherit
He inherits his Y chromosome from his father and his X chromosome from his mother
Define pedigree
A diagram that shows the occurrence of phenotypes of a particular gene throughout generations
True or False: On a pedigree, males are depicted by circles and females by squares
False. Males are depicted by squares and females by circles
On a pedigree, what shape represents individuals with unknown sexes?
Triangle
