Chapter 32: Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Question 1

Considering the sequence of structures through which air enters the pulmonary system, the pharynx is to the trachea as the :

a. bronchioles are to the segmental bronchi
b. alveoli are to the alveolar ducts
c. alveolar ducts are to the respiratory bronchioles
d. respiratory bronchioles are to the alveolar ducts

Answer 1

d. respiratory bronchioles are to the alveolar ducts

Question 2

The cilia of the bronchial wall

a. ingest bacteria
b. trigger the sneeze reflex
c. trap and remove bacteria
d. propel mucus and trapped bacteria toward the oropharynx

Answer 2

d. propel mucus and trapped bacteria toward the oropharynx

Question 3

as the terminal bronchioles are approached

a. the epithelium becomes thicker
b. mucus producing glands increase
c. the epithelium becomes thinner
d. cartilaginous support increases
e. the smooth muscle layer thickens

Answer 3

c. the epithelium becomes thinner

Question 4

the left bronchus:
a. is shorter and wider than the right
b. is symmetrical to the right
has a course that is more vertical that that of the right
d. is more angled than the right
e. has more bronchial wall layers than the right

Answer 4

d. is more angled than the right

Question 5

The respiratory unit consist of:

a. cilia
b. bronchiolar arteries and veins
c. goblet cells and alveoli
d. respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

Answer 5

d. respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

Question 6

an increase of carbon dioxide in arterial blood causes chemoreceptors to stimulate the respiratory centers to:

a. decrease respiratory rate
b. increase respiratory rate
c. cause hypocapnia
d. cause hypercapnia

Answer 6

b. increase respiratory rate

Question 7

Surfactant:

a. facilitates O2 exchange
b. produces nutrients for the alveoli
c. permits air exchange between alveolar ducts
d. facilitates alveolar expansion during inspiration
e. all of the above are correct

Answer 7

d. facilitates alveolar expansion during inspiration

Question 8

During expiration, which of the following relationships is true?

a. as the lung volume decreases, the number of molecules of the gas increases
b. as the lung pressure increases, the number of molecules of gas increases
c. as the lung volume decreases, the pressure increases
d. as the partial pressure increases, less gas will dissolve in a liquid

Answer 8

c. as the lung volume decreases, the pressure increases

Question 9

When the diaphragm and external intercostal contract,

a. the intrathoracic volume increases
b. the intrathoracic pressure increases
c. the intrathoracic volume decreases
d. none of the above is correct

Answer 9

a. the intrathoracic volume increases

Question 10

oxygen diffusion from the alveolus to the alveolar capillary occurs because:

a. the P02 is less in the capillary than in the alveolus
b. the P02 is greater in the atmosphere than in the arterial blood
c. oxygen diffuses faster than C02
d. the PO2 is higher in the capillary than in the alveolus

Answer 10

a. the P02 is less in the capillary than in the alveolus

Question 11

a shift to the right in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve:

a. prevents oxygen release at the cellular level
b. causes oxygen to bind tighter to hemoglobin
c. improves oxygen release at the cellular level
d. causes alkalosis

Answer 11

c. improves oxygen release at the cellular level

Question 12

In which sequence does PO2 progressively decrease?
A. blood in aorta, atmospheric air, body tissues
b. body tissues, arterial blood, alveolar air
c. body tissues, alveolar air, arterial blood
d. atmospheric air, blood in aorta, body tissues

Answer 12

d. atmospheric air, blood in aorta, body tissues

Question 13

Most o2 is carried in the blood _____; most CO2 is carried ____.

a. dissolved in plasma, associated with salt or an acid
b. bound to hemoglobin, associated with bicarbonate or carbonic acid
c. combined with albumin, associated with carbonic acid and hemoglobin
d. bound to hemoglobin, bound to albumin

Answer 13

b. bound to hemoglobin, associated with bicarbonate or carbonic acid

Question 14

Alveoli are well suited for diffusion of respiratory gases because:

a. they are small and thus have a small total surface area
b. vascularization is minimal, thereby allowing greater air circulation
c. they contain four thick layers, which prevent air leakage
d. they contain surfactant, which helps prevent alveolar collapse

Answer 14

d. they contain surfactant, which helps prevent alveolar collapse

Question 15

Which ordinarily brings about the greatest increase in the rate of respiration:

a. Hypercapnia (excess CO2)
b. Increased O2
c. Increased arterial PH
d. Sudden rise in blood pressure

Answer 15

a. Hypercapnia (excess CO2)

Question 16

Given that the oxygen content of blood equals 1.34 ml of O2 per gram of hemoglobin arterial oxygen saturation percent, if hemoglobin concentration is 15 g/dl and arterial saturation is 98%, what is the arterial oxygen content?

a. 13.2 ml/dl of blood
b. 19.7 ml/dl of blood
c. 14.7 ml/dl of blood
d. none of the above are correct

Answer 16

b. 19.7 ml/dl of blood

Question 17

given that an individual has a respiratory rate of 15 breaths per minute and a tidal volume of 500 ml of air, the respiratory minute volume is:

a. 7.5 L/min
b. 75 L/min
c. 750 L/min
d. 7500 L/min

Answer 17

a. 7.5 L/min

Question 18

Stretch receptors:

a. are sensitive to volume changes in the lung
b. are located near capillaries in the alveolar septa
c. increase ventilatory rate when stimulated
d. prevent lung under inflation when stimulated

Answer 18

a. are sensitive to volume changes in the lung

Question 19

Which of the following increases the respiratory rate?

a. Increased PC02, decreased arterial pressure, decreased ph, decreased P02
b. increased PC02, decreased arterial pressure, increased PH, decreased P02
c. Decreased PC02, decreased arterial pressure, decreased PH, increased P02
d. Decreased PC02, decreased arterial pressure, decreased pH, decreased P02

Answer 19

a. Increased PC02, decreased arterial pressure, decreased ph, decreased P02

Question 20

The dorsal respiratory group of neurons

a. sets the automatic rhythm of respiration
b. modifies the rhythm of respiration
c. is active when increased ventilation is required
d. none of the above is correct

Answer 20

a. sets the automatic rhythm of respiration

Question 21

Which of the following does not provide chemoreceptor input to the medulla oblongata respiratory centers?

a. medullary centers
b. olfactory epithelium
c. carotid body
d. aortic body

Answer 21

b. olfactory epithelium

Question 22

Parasymphathetic stimulation to bronchiolar smooth muscle causes:

a. muscle relaxation
b. increased tidal volume
c. bronchodilation
d. bronchoconstriction

Answer 22

d. bronchoconstriction

Question 23

The pons apneustic center:

a. inhibits inspiration
b. stimulates/prolongs inspiration
c. controls respiratory rhythm
d. monitors blood gas tensions

Answer 23

b. stimulates/prolongs inspiration

Question 24

During inhalation, the intrapleural pressure approximates:
a. 1 mmHg
b. 1 mmHg
c. 6 mmHg
d. 6 mmHg
(the book had the answers like this!)

Answer 24

c. 6 mmHg

Question 25

Control of airflow resistance and air distribution in the lungs is controlled by the:
a. trachea
b. alveoli
c. bronchioles
d .diaphragm

Answer 25

c. bronchioles