Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biol 314 > chapter 3.2 cell structure/function (prokaryotes) > Flashcards

chapter 3.2 cell structure/function (prokaryotes) Flashcards

1
Q

wave light

A

amplitude of wave changes if color of light changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

limit of detection 0.2 nm

A
  • bacteria is about 0.1-10 nm
  • light bends around the bacteria if the wavelength doesn’t match size (can’t see it)
    aka if bacteria is smaller than 0.2 nm, you won’t see it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

gram pos colors

A

has color bc there’s more layers to hold onto the violet crystals, so alcohol won’t wash it away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

gram neg colors

A

colorless

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

simple stain

A

one stain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

differential stains

A

gram stain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

bright field - uses light

A

phases and rings make light go in and out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

dark field - phase contrast reverse

A

specimen is dark and back is light, no staining with fluorescent unless using fluorescent stain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

atomic force

A

uses cantilever tip to “feel specimen”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

confocal- light and fluorescent microscopy

A
  • uses laser light to excite specimen
  • uses coherent light for focused image
  • can be put into 3D image
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

scanning

A
  • coded with a molecule of gold (electron dense material)
  • only 3D surface images gets reflected back
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

transmission

A
  • passes through the image itself
  • can see internal structures
  • can see surface, but not 3D
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cytoplasmic membrane

A

critical permeability barrier, separates inside from outside of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cell wall

A

rigid structure outside of cytoplasmic membrane, provides support and protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ribosomes

A

small particles composed of protein and ribonucleic acid, responsible for synthesis of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

inclusions

A

aggregates of storage compounds containing C (starch), N, S, P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

nucleoid

A

region of cell containing the DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

chromosome

A

single circular DNA molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

flagellum

A

long complex-protein filament used to propel bacteria through liquid media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

6 basic morphologies

A
  • coccus
  • rod (bacillus)
  • spirillum
  • spirochete
  • appendaged
  • filamentous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

average sizes

A

prokaryotes: 0.1-50 µm in diameter
eukaryotes: 2.0-200 µm in diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

importance of “smallness”

A
  • transport is a function of size
  • surface to volume ratio decreases as size increases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

gram pos cell envelope

A
  • peptidoglycan
  • simpler than gram neg membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

gram neg

A
  • periplasmic space
  • periplasm is fluid around the cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

bacteria digestion

A

occurs outside cell with enzymes, then moves into cell envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

smaller objects have larger surface area to volume ratio

A

smaller bacteria feed themselves easier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

major chemical components of cytoplasmic membrane

A
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • integral membrane proteins
  • membrane strengthening agents
    -phospholipid linkages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A
  • fatty acid
  • glycerol
  • phosphate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

membrane strengthening agents

A
  • sterols (eukaryotes and methanotrophs)
  • hopanoids (bacteria)
    warmer –> more sterols and hopanoids go in, fluidity level strong
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

phospholipid linkages -
bacterial and eukaryal phospholipids

A

form bilayers with glycerol component of the molecule bound to isoprene polymers (long chain hydrocarbon) via an ester linkage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

phospholipid linkages -
archaeal phospholipids

A

form monolayer or bilayers with the glycerol component of the molecule bound to isoprene polymers via ether linkages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

functions of cyto membrane

A
  • permeability barrier
  • protein anchor
  • energy conservation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

permeability barrier

A
  • pores made out of proteins open and close protons
  • protons can’t pass alone (uses channels)
  • K will only be let in if there are high concentrations outside of the cell
  • (+) charge goes in, (+) charge goes out to balance
33
Q

protein anchor

A
  • cells can concentrate proteins in one area
  • proteins involved in DNA synthesis can be grouped in same location
34
Q

energy conservation

A
  • generated in cell from protons using protein channels
35
Q

membrane transport systems

A
  • simple transport
  • group translocation
  • ABC (ATP - binding cassette)
36
Q

group translocation

A
  • no glucose in cell bc it gets phosphorylated and normal glucose leaves the cell
  • multiple proteins, molecule changes bc of phosphorylation
  • phosphate blocks sugar from leaving cell
37
Q

ABC transport

A

low concentrated thing can be brought in at the expense of ATP

38
Q

types of simple transport

A
  • uniporter
  • antiporter
  • symporter
39
Q

group transport

A

the phosphotransferase system of E. coli

40
Q

protein translocase systems

A
  • proteins are transported via translocases
41
Q

type 3 secretion system

A
  • gram neg bacteria
  • acts like syringe to inject secreted proteins into host cells
42
Q

sec translocase system

A

comprised of 7 proteins including the YEG proteins which constitute the actual transporter

43
Q

peptidoglycan cell wall (one huge molecule)

A
  • unique to bacteria
  • chemical structure: glycan tetrapeptide
44
Q

glycan tetrapeptide

A
  • N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
  • N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
  • L-alanine
  • D-alanine (not in euk)
  • D-glutamic acid
  • Lysine or diaminopimelic acid (DAP)
45
Q

teichoic acids

A
  • only gram pos
  • acidic polysaccharides containing glycerol phosphate or ribitol phosphate groups
  • imparts neg charge to gram pos bacteria, may be involved in transport of ions through the cell wall
46
Q

β - lactam antibiotics

A
  • All β related bc of similar structures
  • Penicillin inhibits the transpeptidase reaction by interfering with the linkage of D-alanine residues
47
Q

cell walls of archaea

A
  • peptidoglycan is absent from archaea (replaced by S-layers and pseudomurein)
  • S-layers are most common cell wall material for archaea
  • Pseudomurein similar to peptidoglycan
48
Q

S-layers

A
  • paracrystalline structures composed of protein or glycoprotein subunits in some organisms in combination with polysaccharides
  • when in combination with other structures, these for outermost portion
49
Q

pseudomurein

A
  • contains alternating repeats of N-acetylglucosamine and N- acetyltalosaminuronic acid
  • false cell wall protein
50
Q

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - Endotoxin

A
  • pyrogen aka fever inducing
  • found in gram neg
  • located at outer portion of cell envelope
  • outer leaf of lipid bilayer of gram neg
51
Q

**chemical composition of LPS

A
  • lipid A - anchor
  • core polysaccharide
  • o-specific side chain
52
Q

porins

A

outer membrane associated, allows transport of small molecules

53
Q

periplasmic space

A
  • outer membrane of gram neg
  • creates a perilasmic space between itself and the inner or cytoplasmic membrane
  • outer membrane is permeable to small molecules BUT
  • large molecules are not, so sequestered in periplasm (gel like from number of proteins)
54
Q

arrangement of DNA

A
  • 1 copy of DNA
  • E. coli contains 4.6 million base pairs (4.6 x 10^3 kilobase pairs)
  • supercoiling
55
Q

supercoiling

A
  • superimposition of a coil upon a coiled structure
  • e. coli contains over 50 supercoiled domains
  • supercoiling is stabilized by specific proteins
56
Q

flagella structures

A
  • filament: long helical tubular protein
  • filament composed of flagellin, 10 – 20 µm in length
57
Q

3 types of structure arrangement

A
  • Peritrichous (originating around cell)
  • Polar (originating at the end of cell)
  • Iophotrichous (tuft at end of cell)
58
Q

hook and basal body

A
  • form a rotary motor driven by proton motive force (1000 protons per revolution)
  • basal body: (4 elements in gram neg, 2 elements in gram pos)
59
Q

chemotaxis/phototaxis

A
  • runs and tumbles (twiddles)
  • random biased walk
  • chemoreceptors
  • chemoattractant/chemorepellent (not spacial, temporal instead)
  • scotophobotaxis/phototaxis
60
Q

runs

A

flagellum moves one way, wound together, this is how e. coli moves

61
Q

tumbles

A

unwinds, flagellum working against each other to stay still; reorients and then runs again

62
Q

longer run

A
  • more glucose
  • when in the gradient
  • stops running when it reaches highest concentration, consumes glucose, starts again
63
Q

chemoreceptors

A
  • fla
  • fli
  • flg
64
Q

scotophobotaxis

A

moves towards light, repelled by darkness

65
Q

phototaxis

A

directed towards light

66
Q

aerotaxis

A

towards O2

67
Q

osmotaxis

A

towards salt

68
Q

magnetotaxis

A

migrates in magnetic field

69
Q

fimbriae

A

tubular protein structures on outer portion of cell envelope
(shorter and thinner than flagella, often covers cell)
- help stick bacteria to surfaces (like bacterial fur)

70
Q

pili

A

structurally similar to fimbriae, but longer and fewer in number; produced as and when needed and are lost when not required (like whiskers)
- sex pilus like fishing rod

71
Q

capsules and slime layers:
the glycocalyx

A
  • polysaccharide containing material lying outside the cell (polysaccharides, glycoproteins and glycolipids)
  • serve to protect against phagocytosis desiccation, chemical attack, physical disruption
  • maintains structure and function of biofilm
72
Q

capsule

A

tight matrix that excludes india ink

73
Q

slime layer

A

easily deformed does not exclude india ink

74
Q

carbon storage polymers

A
  • Poly–hydroxybutyric acid (PHB)
  • Class of Lipid-like compounds formed from β-hydroxybutyric acid units C4 – C18
  • glycogen
75
Q

gas vesicles

A

small gas-filled structures made of protein that confer buoyancy to cells

76
Q

endospore/vegetative cells

A
  • bacillus and clostridium (soil bacteria)
  • only produced by bacteria
  • differentiated cells highly resistant to heat, chemicals, and radiation
77
Q

endospore structure

A
  • Exosporium – outer protein coat
  • Spore Coat – layers of protein
  • Cortex – loose peptidoglycan
  • Core – cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, nucleoid, etc.
78
Q

properties of the core

A
  • Dipicolinic acid
  • Highly dehydrated (10 – 30 % of vegetative cell)
  • Small Acid Soluble Spore Proteins (SASPs) protect DNA and provide source of food for outgrowth
79
Q

endospore formation (sporulation)

A
  • Stimulated by lack of nutrients
  • Cellular differentiation involves 200 genes in B. subtilis
  • Most resistant biological structure
80
Q

germination (outgrowth)

A
  • Loss of dipicolinic acid
  • Metabolism of SASPs
  • Production of DNA, RNA, proteins
  • Uptake of water and swelling
  • Broken spore coat

biol 314 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions