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biol 314 > chapter 3.2 cell structure/function (prokaryotes) > Flashcards

chapter 3.2 cell structure/function (prokaryotes) Flashcards

1
Q

wave light

A

amplitude of wave changes if color of light changes

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2
Q

limit of detection 0.2 nm

A
  • bacteria is about 0.1-10 nm
  • light bends around the bacteria if the wavelength doesn’t match size (can’t see it)
    aka if bacteria is smaller than 0.2 nm, you won’t see it
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3
Q

gram pos colors

A

has color bc there’s more layers to hold onto the violet crystals, so alcohol won’t wash it away

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4
Q

gram neg colors

A

colorless

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5
Q

simple stain

A

one stain

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6
Q

differential stains

A

gram stain

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7
Q

bright field - uses light

A

phases and rings make light go in and out

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8
Q

dark field - phase contrast reverse

A

specimen is dark and back is light, no staining with fluorescent unless using fluorescent stain

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9
Q

atomic force

A

uses cantilever tip to “feel specimen”

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10
Q

confocal- light and fluorescent microscopy

A
  • uses laser light to excite specimen
  • uses coherent light for focused image
  • can be put into 3D image
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11
Q

scanning

A
  • coded with a molecule of gold (electron dense material)
  • only 3D surface images gets reflected back
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12
Q

transmission

A
  • passes through the image itself
  • can see internal structures
  • can see surface, but not 3D
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13
Q

cytoplasmic membrane

A

critical permeability barrier, separates inside from outside of cell

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14
Q

cell wall

A

rigid structure outside of cytoplasmic membrane, provides support and protection

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15
Q

ribosomes

A

small particles composed of protein and ribonucleic acid, responsible for synthesis of proteins

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16
Q

inclusions

A

aggregates of storage compounds containing C (starch), N, S, P

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17
Q

nucleoid

A

region of cell containing the DNA

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18
Q

chromosome

A

single circular DNA molecule

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19
Q

flagellum

A

long complex-protein filament used to propel bacteria through liquid media

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20
Q

6 basic morphologies

A
  • coccus
  • rod (bacillus)
  • spirillum
  • spirochete
  • appendaged
  • filamentous
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21
Q

average sizes

A

prokaryotes: 0.1-50 µm in diameter
eukaryotes: 2.0-200 µm in diameter

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22
Q

importance of “smallness”

A
  • transport is a function of size
  • surface to volume ratio decreases as size increases
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22
Q

gram pos cell envelope

A
  • peptidoglycan
  • simpler than gram neg membrane
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23
Q

gram neg

A
  • periplasmic space
  • periplasm is fluid around the cell
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24
Q

bacteria digestion

A

occurs outside cell with enzymes, then moves into cell envelope

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25
Q

smaller objects have larger surface area to volume ratio

A

smaller bacteria feed themselves easier

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26
Q

major chemical components of cytoplasmic membrane

A
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • integral membrane proteins
  • membrane strengthening agents
    -phospholipid linkages
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27
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A
  • fatty acid
  • glycerol
  • phosphate
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28
Q

membrane strengthening agents

A
  • sterols (eukaryotes and methanotrophs)
  • hopanoids (bacteria)
    warmer –> more sterols and hopanoids go in, fluidity level strong
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29
Q

phospholipid linkages -
bacterial and eukaryal phospholipids

A

form bilayers with glycerol component of the molecule bound to isoprene polymers (long chain hydrocarbon) via an ester linkage

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30
Q

phospholipid linkages -
archaeal phospholipids

A

form monolayer or bilayers with the glycerol component of the molecule bound to isoprene polymers via ether linkages

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31
Q

functions of cyto membrane

A
  • permeability barrier
  • protein anchor
  • energy conservation
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32
Q

permeability barrier

A
  • pores made out of proteins open and close protons
  • protons can’t pass alone (uses channels)
  • K will only be let in if there are high concentrations outside of the cell
  • (+) charge goes in, (+) charge goes out to balance
33
Q

protein anchor

A
  • cells can concentrate proteins in one area
  • proteins involved in DNA synthesis can be grouped in same location
34
Q

energy conservation

A
  • generated in cell from protons using protein channels
35
Q

membrane transport systems

A
  • simple transport
  • group translocation
  • ABC (ATP - binding cassette)
36
Q

group translocation

A
  • no glucose in cell bc it gets phosphorylated and normal glucose leaves the cell
  • multiple proteins, molecule changes bc of phosphorylation
  • phosphate blocks sugar from leaving cell
37
Q

ABC transport

A

low concentrated thing can be brought in at the expense of ATP

38
Q

types of simple transport

A
  • uniporter
  • antiporter
  • symporter
39
Q

group transport

A

the phosphotransferase system of E. coli

40
Q

protein translocase systems

A
  • proteins are transported via translocases
41
Q

type 3 secretion system

A
  • gram neg bacteria
  • acts like syringe to inject secreted proteins into host cells
42
Q

sec translocase system

A

comprised of 7 proteins including the YEG proteins which constitute the actual transporter

43
Q

peptidoglycan cell wall (one huge molecule)

A
  • unique to bacteria
  • chemical structure: glycan tetrapeptide
44
Q

glycan tetrapeptide

A
  • N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
  • N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
  • L-alanine
  • D-alanine (not in euk)
  • D-glutamic acid
  • Lysine or diaminopimelic acid (DAP)
45
Q

teichoic acids

A
  • only gram pos
  • acidic polysaccharides containing glycerol phosphate or ribitol phosphate groups
  • imparts neg charge to gram pos bacteria, may be involved in transport of ions through the cell wall
46
Q

β - lactam antibiotics

A
  • All β related bc of similar structures
  • Penicillin inhibits the transpeptidase reaction by interfering with the linkage of D-alanine residues
47
Q

cell walls of archaea

A
  • peptidoglycan is absent from archaea (replaced by S-layers and pseudomurein)
  • S-layers are most common cell wall material for archaea
  • Pseudomurein similar to peptidoglycan
48
Q

S-layers

A
  • paracrystalline structures composed of protein or glycoprotein subunits in some organisms in combination with polysaccharides
  • when in combination with other structures, these for outermost portion
49
Q

pseudomurein

A
  • contains alternating repeats of N-acetylglucosamine and N- acetyltalosaminuronic acid
  • false cell wall protein
50
Q

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - Endotoxin

A
  • pyrogen aka fever inducing
  • found in gram neg
  • located at outer portion of cell envelope
  • outer leaf of lipid bilayer of gram neg
51
Q

**chemical composition of LPS

A
  • lipid A - anchor
  • core polysaccharide
  • o-specific side chain
52
Q

porins

A

outer membrane associated, allows transport of small molecules

53
Q

periplasmic space

A
  • outer membrane of gram neg
  • creates a perilasmic space between itself and the inner or cytoplasmic membrane
  • outer membrane is permeable to small molecules BUT
  • large molecules are not, so sequestered in periplasm (gel like from number of proteins)
54
Q

arrangement of DNA

A
  • 1 copy of DNA
  • E. coli contains 4.6 million base pairs (4.6 x 10^3 kilobase pairs)
  • supercoiling
55
Q

supercoiling

A
  • superimposition of a coil upon a coiled structure
  • e. coli contains over 50 supercoiled domains
  • supercoiling is stabilized by specific proteins
56
Q

flagella structures

A
  • filament: long helical tubular protein
  • filament composed of flagellin, 10 – 20 µm in length
57
Q

3 types of structure arrangement

A
  • Peritrichous (originating around cell)
  • Polar (originating at the end of cell)
  • Iophotrichous (tuft at end of cell)
58
Q

hook and basal body

A
  • form a rotary motor driven by proton motive force (1000 protons per revolution)
  • basal body: (4 elements in gram neg, 2 elements in gram pos)
59
Q

chemotaxis/phototaxis

A
  • runs and tumbles (twiddles)
  • random biased walk
  • chemoreceptors
  • chemoattractant/chemorepellent (not spacial, temporal instead)
  • scotophobotaxis/phototaxis
60
Q

runs

A

flagellum moves one way, wound together, this is how e. coli moves

61
Q

tumbles

A

unwinds, flagellum working against each other to stay still; reorients and then runs again

62
Q

longer run

A
  • more glucose
  • when in the gradient
  • stops running when it reaches highest concentration, consumes glucose, starts again
63
Q

chemoreceptors

A
  • fla
  • fli
  • flg
64
Q

scotophobotaxis

A

moves towards light, repelled by darkness

65
Q

phototaxis

A

directed towards light

66
Q

aerotaxis

A

towards O2

67
Q

osmotaxis

A

towards salt

68
Q

magnetotaxis

A

migrates in magnetic field

69
Q

fimbriae

A

tubular protein structures on outer portion of cell envelope
(shorter and thinner than flagella, often covers cell)
- help stick bacteria to surfaces (like bacterial fur)

70
Q

pili

A

structurally similar to fimbriae, but longer and fewer in number; produced as and when needed and are lost when not required (like whiskers)
- sex pilus like fishing rod

71
Q

capsules and slime layers:
the glycocalyx

A
  • polysaccharide containing material lying outside the cell (polysaccharides, glycoproteins and glycolipids)
  • serve to protect against phagocytosis desiccation, chemical attack, physical disruption
  • maintains structure and function of biofilm
72
Q

capsule

A

tight matrix that excludes india ink

73
Q

slime layer

A

easily deformed does not exclude india ink

74
Q

carbon storage polymers

A
  • Poly–hydroxybutyric acid (PHB)
  • Class of Lipid-like compounds formed from β-hydroxybutyric acid units C4 – C18
  • glycogen
75
Q

gas vesicles

A

small gas-filled structures made of protein that confer buoyancy to cells

76
Q

endospore/vegetative cells

A
  • bacillus and clostridium (soil bacteria)
  • only produced by bacteria
  • differentiated cells highly resistant to heat, chemicals, and radiation
77
Q

endospore structure

A
  • Exosporium – outer protein coat
  • Spore Coat – layers of protein
  • Cortex – loose peptidoglycan
  • Core – cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, nucleoid, etc.
78
Q

properties of the core

A
  • Dipicolinic acid
  • Highly dehydrated (10 – 30 % of vegetative cell)
  • Small Acid Soluble Spore Proteins (SASPs) protect DNA and provide source of food for outgrowth
79
Q

endospore formation (sporulation)

A
  • Stimulated by lack of nutrients
  • Cellular differentiation involves 200 genes in B. subtilis
  • Most resistant biological structure
80
Q

germination (outgrowth)

A
  • Loss of dipicolinic acid
  • Metabolism of SASPs
  • Production of DNA, RNA, proteins
  • Uptake of water and swelling
  • Broken spore coat

biol 314 (5 decks)

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