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biol 314 > chapter 1 microorganisms and microbiology > Flashcards

chapter 1 microorganisms and microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

microbiology

A

the study of microscopic organisms

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2
Q

microorganism definition

A
  • size is measured in microns (1 μm = 1 x 10^-6 m)
  • can only be seen in detail through microscope
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3
Q

microorganisms include…

A

bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi, microscopic animals, most parasites, viruses

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4
Q

virus

A
  • referred to as particles
  • not cellular, not alive
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5
Q

microbiology as a basic science

A
  • understand basic life processes
  • our understanding of basic biology (metabolism, etc.) is derived from studies using microorganisms
  • microbial cells are easily cultured and attain high cell numbers, can be grown at low cost
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6
Q

microbiology as an applied science

A
  • agriculture
  • food
  • disease
  • energy/environment
  • biotechnology
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7
Q

agriculture

A

N2 fixation, nutrient cycling, animal husbandry

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8
Q

food

A

food preservation, fermented foods, food additives

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9
Q

disease

A

identifying new diseases, treatment and cure, disease prevention

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10
Q

energy/environment

A

biofuels (methane and ethanol), bioremediation, microbial mining

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11
Q

biotechnology

A

genetically modified organisms, production of pharmaceuticals, gene therapy for certain diseases

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12
Q

prokaryotes

A
  • single celled
  • lack nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
  • bacteria and archaea
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13
Q

eukaryotes

A
  • single celled or multicellular
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14
Q

3 domains of life

A

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

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15
Q

characteristics of living systems

A
  • metabolism
  • reproduction
  • differentiation
  • movement
  • communication
  • evolution
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16
Q

metabolism

A

uptake of nutrients from environment, their transformation within the cell, elimination of wastes into the environment (cell is an open system)

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17
Q

reproduction

A

chemicals from environment are turned into new cells under directions of preexisting cells

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18
Q

differentiation

A

formation of new cell structure such as a spore, usually as part of cellular life cycle (some archaea and bacteria don’t undergo this)

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19
Q

movement

A

living organisms are capable of self-propulsion (some bacteria and archaea don’t move, env moves them)

20
Q

communication

A

cells can communicate by means of chemicals that are released or taken up

21
Q

evolution

A

cells contain genes and evolve to display new biological properties (phylogenetic tree shows evolutionary relationships)

22
Q

chemical machines

A

enzymes

23
Q

storehouses and processors of genetic information

A

DNA

24
Q

microorganisms exist in populations

A

groups of organisms derived from a single parent cell following repeated division cycles

25
Q

population

A

same species, same area

26
Q

community

A

different species (populations), same area

27
Q

microbial ecology

A

study of microorganisms in their natural environment and their relationships with one another

28
Q

antiquity of microbial life

A
  • Earth is 4.6 billion years old
  • Universe is 13.8 billion years old
29
Q

extent of microbial life

A
  • first cells were prokaryotic
  • eukaryotes didn’t arise until 2 bya
  • macroscopic organisms didn’t arise until 1 bya
30
Q

timeline of microbial life

A
  • animals predate plants
  • aquatic before terrestrial plants
  • oxygen was toxic to organisms, our bodies can metabolize it because life forms adapted to these conditions
31
Q

largest diversity

A

prokaryotes

32
Q

cambrian explosion

A
  • all phyla came from this time
  • unparalleled emergence of organisms between 541 million and approximately 530 million years ago
33
Q

microorg and disease agents

A
  • all agents of infectious diseases are microorganisms
  • increase in human life span due to reduction of direct and indirect mortality caused by infectious disease
  • infectious diseases are major cause of mortality in developing countries
34
Q

microorg and agriculture

A
  • nitrogen cycling and nitrogen fixation are essential for crops (only carried out by microorgs)
  • digestion of cellulose
  • genetic engineering using microorgs imporves disease resistance and crop yields
35
Q

microorgs and food

A

leading cause of spoilage and disease transmission in food, but also responsible for fermented foods

36
Q

microorgs, energy, environment

A
  • most fossil fuels exist bc of microorgs (petroleum, ethanol, natural gas)
  • responsible for cleanup of toxic waste/oil spills
37
Q

microorgs and genetic resources

A

vaccines, pharmaceuticals, specialty chemicals, development of disease resistance

38
Q

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1693-1723)

A

cloth merchant became involved in lens grinding for examination of thread counts

39
Q

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek key role

A
  • developed first high magnification lenses
  • first person to see and report bacteria
  • developed first simple microscope (1684)
40
Q

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

A

one of first microbiologists, research relating to production and preservation of wine

41
Q

Louis Pasteur key role

A
  • pasteurization: process developed to prolong shelf life of wine
  • key role in “germ theory of disease”
  • developed first rabies, cholera, and anthrax vaccines
  • disproved “spontaneous generation” with swan neck flask experiments (you only get life from preexisting life)
42
Q

swan neck flask experiments

A

memorize

43
Q

Robert Koch (1843-1910)

A

german physician/microbiologist and first to demonstrate role of bacteria in causing disease

44
Q

koch’s postulate 1

A

the suspected pathogenic microorganism should be present in all cases of the disease and absent from the same tissues/fluids of healthy animals

45
Q

koch’s postulate 2

A

the suspected pathogenic microorganism should be grown in pure culture

46
Q

koch’s postulate 3

A

cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogenic microorganism should cause disease in a healthy animal

47
Q

koch’s postulate 4

A

the microorganism should be re-isolated and shown to be the same as the original

biol 314 (5 decks)

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