chapter 2 microbial life

Question 1

cell membrane

Answer 1

cytoplasmic membrane

Question 1

cell wall: bacteria and plants

Answer 1

• bacteria and archaea cell was is peptidoglycan
• plant cell wall is cellulose (sugar polymer)

Question 2

macromolecules

Answer 2

proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, polysaccharides

Question 3

macromolecule: proteins

Answer 3

peptide, made of amino acids

Question 4

macromolecule: nucleic acids

Answer 4

found in cytoplasm

Question 5

macromolecule: lipids

Answer 5

not strictly polymers (substance or material consisting of very large molecules called macromolecules)

Question 6

macromolecule: polysaccharides

Answer 6

found in cell envelope, outer portion of prokaryotes

Question 7

small organic molecules (found in cytoplasm)

Answer 7

• sugars
• fatty acids
• nucleotides
• amino acids
• other communication molecules

Question 8

other elements of cell structure

Answer 8

inorganic ions, ribosomes, nucleus

Question 9

prokaryotes have…

Answer 9

• nucleoid
• single chromosome
• circular
• haploid (one copy of each gene)
• extra chromosomal DNA (plasmid)
• fission

Question 10

eukaryotes have…

Answer 10

• nucleus
• multiple chromosomes
• linear
• diploid/haploid
• mitosis and meiosis

Question 11

viruses are…

Answer 11

• obligate “parasites”
• particles not cells
• needs a host
• unable to carry out independent metabolism
• no growth, small
• “degenerative cells” and “borrowed” components

Question 12

three groups of cellular lineages

Answer 12

archaea, bacteria, eukarya

Question 13

nomenclature

Answer 13

genus, species epithet
Escherichia coli (genus epithet)
must be italicized

Question 14

evolutionary chronometer

Answer 14

evolutionary distance between two organisms can be measured by differences in nucleotide or amino acid sequence of monomers in homologous macromolecules (DNA, RNA, protein)
(standard chronometers are 16S and 18S rRNA)

Question 15

physiological diversity

Answer 15

energy (ATP) is derived from 3 sources
- organic carbon (glucose)
- inorganic chemicals
- light

Question 16

more physiological diversity

Answer 16

• CO2 is an inorganic carbon
• energy + carbon make up metabolism
• “fixed” is reduction, gaining energy, so add H bc they’re energy carriers
• CO2 to CH2O is carbon fixation

Question 17

Chemoorganotrophs (organo-carbon)

Answer 17

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

Question 18

chemolithotrophs (litho-rocks)

Answer 18

bacteria, archaea

Question 19

phototrophs

Answer 19

bacteria, archaea, eukarya plants

Question 20

photoheterotrophs

Answer 20

consumes carbon bc they don’t fix enough carbon with sunlight

Question 21

carbon derived from two sources

Answer 21

inorganic and organic carbon

Question 22

heterotrophs

Answer 22

organic carbon

Question 23

autotrophs

Answer 23

inorganic carbon
fixes and grows its own carbon with sunlight and energy

Question 24

prokaryotic diversity
bacteria

Answer 24

gram neg, gram pos, gram variable; relates to structure of cell envelope which is a phylogenetic characteristic of bacteria

Question 25

gram stain

Answer 25

shows who’s related (+ to +, etc.)

Question 26

proteobacteria

Answer 26

largest phylum, gram neg, extreme metabolic diversity, represents majority of known gram neg bacteria

Question 27

gram pos bacteria

Answer 27

• includes endospore-forming bacillus and clostridia and streptomyces
• lactobacillus and streptococcus are important in dairy products and plant decay

Question 28

bacillus

Answer 28

aerobic, spore forming, gram pos

Question 29

clostridium

Answer 29

anaerobic, spore forming, gram pos

Question 30

Mycoplasma

Answer 30

related to gram positives, but lack a cell wall (most are pathogenic)

Question 31

Cyanobacteria

Answer 31

(related to gram positives) closely related to algae and higher plants

Question 32

Green sulfur and green non sulfur

Answer 32

bacteria include photosynthetic organisms

Question 33

Spirochetes

Answer 33

are medically important and have a unique morphology

Question 34

Chlamydia

Answer 34

are obligate intracellular parasites

Question 35

Aquifex and Thermotoga

Answer 35

are thermophiles

Question 36

prokaryotic diversity
archaea

Answer 36

• more closely related to Eukarya than to bacteria
• all are chemotrophic and many are lithotrophic
• DNA floating around inside because prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus
• methanogens: unique metabolism, responsible for production of all natural gas

Question 37

prokaryotic diversity
eukarya

Answer 37

• all multicellular life forms are Eukarya
• all “higher” Eukarya are in symbiotic relationships with prokaryotes
• many are microscopic, which includes: protozoa, fungi, algae, and slime molds