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Biology 2110 > Chapter 32 > Flashcards

Chapter 32 Flashcards

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1
Q

Phylum Echinodermata

A

Sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand
dollars, sea cucumbers
A thin skin covers an endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates
Tube feet

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2
Q

Water vascular system

A

Echinodermata,
* A network of hydraulic canals for
* locomotion
* feeding
* gas exchange
* excretion

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3
Q

concept of keystone species

A

bigger impact on ecosystem than biomass implies

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4
Q

Phylum Echinoderm reproduction

A

Separate male & female individuals
* External fertilization & development – most species
* Internal brooding ~40% of Antarctic sea stars?

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5
Q

Anatomy of Phylum Chordata

A

notochord, post anal tail, pharyngeal slits, dorsal hollow nerve cord.

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6
Q

Pharyngeal slits or pouches

A

Openings to the outside of the body
region just behind the mouth
– Lets water that goes in the mouth to leave without going through gut in invertebrate chordates
– In vertebrates, used for gas exchange or other functions

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7
Q

Dorsal hollow nerve cord

A

Unique to chordates
develops into CNS

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8
Q

Notocord

A

A flexible rod located between nerve cord and gut
– Provides skeletal support for muscle attachment
– Only remnants of embryonic notochord found in most adult
vertebrates

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9
Q

Muscular post-anal tail

A

Skeletal elements (notochord) & muscles beyond the anus
* Lost during embryonic development in many species
* Non-chordates have a digestive tract that extends the length of
the body

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10
Q

subphylum Cephalochordata

A

lancelets
Chordate characteristics persist into adulthood
Suspension feeders

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11
Q

Subphylum Urochordata

A

Tunicates (sea squirts)
Filter feeders
Some colonial
– No notochord
– No post-anal tail
– No dorsal hollow nerve cord
all are found in the larval form

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12
Q

Subphylum Vertebrata

A

Vertebral column that encloses the nerve cord, replaces notochord
* Paired sense organs (eyes)
* Gills
* 3-part brain
* Endoskeletons that grows with the animal
* Closed circulatory system (high energy needs)

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13
Q

Hagfish

A

Jawless
* Lost vertebrae during evolution
– Ancestors had vertebrae

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14
Q

Lampreys

A

vertebrate, but no jaw
scavengers and predators (often ectoparasites)

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15
Q

Gnathostomes

A

jaws allow for grip & grind of food items
New evidence suggests that jaws evolved in
placoderm fish
* Derived from bone shields within skull

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16
Q

Chondrichthyes

A

sharks, rays, skates
Gnathostomes
* Cartilaginous skeleton
* Paired appendages

17
Q

Tetrapoda

A

4 limbs, evolved from fins
Pelvis fused to vertebrae
No gill slits; pharyngeal clefts form inner ear structures

18
Q

Amniotes

A

Shelled egg (post-fertilization)
Extra-embryonic membranes
Allows for development on land
Membranes
– Gas exchange
– Waste storage
– Nutrient transfer
Fluid protects embryo
Shell present in many species

19
Q

characteristics of birds

A

Type of reptile
Egg shells are hard
Not leathery
Modifications for flight

20
Q

Adaptions for flight

A

Reduced organ systems
Feathers
Modified scales
Keel on sternum
Hollow bones

21
Q

endothermy

A

Ability to regulate temperature
– ”Warm blooded”
* Birds & Mammals
– Also some fish
* Requires more energy than
ectothermy

22
Q

Mammals

A

Mammary glands
Internal incubation of young
Hair
Diaphragm to ventilate lungs
Specialized teeth

23
Q

Advantages of internal incubation

A

Offspring develop at a
more consistent
temperature
2.Offspring are protected
3.Incubating offspring are
portable (mother is not
tied to nest)

24
Q

Monotremes

A

Lay eggs
* No nipples
– Milk produced in glands
* Echidna & platypus
* Limited range

25
Q

Marsupials

A

Embryo born undeveloped
Mostly develops in marsupium (pouch of female)

26
Q

Eutherians

A

Full embryonic development in
uterus
* Joined to mother by placenta

27
Q

Primates

A

Prosimians
Anthropoids
Hands & feet for grasping
nails
Large brain for body size
Color vision
Complex social behavior
Extensive parental care

28
Q

Anthropoids

A

great apes
Humans share a recent
common ancestor with
chimpanzees & bonobos

29
Q

Unique human traits

A

Bipedal (walk upright)
* Reduced jaw
* Much larger brain for size
* Complex use of tools
* Oral & written language

Biology 2110 (7 decks)

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