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Biology 2110 > Chapter 31 > Flashcards

Chapter 31 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some characteristics of Superphylum Lophotrochozoa?

A

trochophores (larvae), or lophophore (adults),

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2
Q

What phyla are lophotrochozoans

A

Mollusca, Annelida, Platyhelminthes (no lophophore or trochophore)

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3
Q

Lophophore vs Tochophore

A

Lophophore in ADULTS Feeding Respiration Trochophore in LARVA Feeding Movement

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4
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes

A

Flatworms (parasitic or free-living), acoelomate

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5
Q

which phyla have cephalization

A

cephalization: head
Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Arthropoda, Annelida, Chordata, mollusca

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6
Q

which protostome has an incomplete digestive system

A

Platyhelminthes

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7
Q

what phylum does not have neither a lophophore nor trochophore

A

Phylum Platyhelminthes

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8
Q

where does Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) live

A

Live in marine, freshwater, & damp terrestrial habitats

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9
Q

Types of Platyhelminthes

A

Free-living and parasitic

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10
Q

Free-living class of platyhelminthes

A

class Turbellaria (planarians)

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11
Q

parasitic classes of platyhelminthes

A

Class Monogenea (monogeneans) Class Trematoda (flukes) Class Cestoda (tapeworms)

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12
Q

Class Trematoda

A

flukes (platyhelminthes)
Ectoparasites or Endoparasites
* Complex lifestyles for multiple hosts

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13
Q

Class Cestoda

A

tapeworms (platyhelminthes),
Endoparasitic
found in intestines of vertebrates (including humans)
* No digestive system

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14
Q

Adult cestode anatomy

A

Scolex
– Attachment organs on head
– Hooks, suckers, etc
* Proglottids
– Body segments with sex organs
– Detach for dispersal

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15
Q

Which protostomes have segmentation

A

Annelida, Arthropoda

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16
Q

Phylum Annelida

A

segmented worm
6,800 named species
* Some parasitic species (leeches)

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17
Q

which protostomes have a coelom

A

Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca

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18
Q

Where does phylum annelida live

A

Live in marine, freshwater, & damp terrestrial habitats

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19
Q

Free-living vs parasitic lifestyle

A

Free-living organisms find food in environment using organs for collection and digestion of food emphasized
Parasitic species use host organisms for food. Can be multiple hosts. Organs for reproductive effort emphasized Increases the likelihood offspring will get to next host

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20
Q

Free-living nutrition organs

A

Pharynx – a muscular protractible tube. Feed by inverting pharynx, food digested in incomplete digestive system. Gastrovascular cavity, waste leaves via pharynx

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21
Q

Parasite characteristics

A

Host is necessary to complete lifecycle
* Sometimes there is an intermediate host
– Asexual reproduction occurs in intermediate host
* Final host is where sexual reproduction occurs
* HIGH reproductive rate

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22
Q

Groups of Phylum Annelida

A

subclass Polychaeta (mostly marine worms)
Subclass Oligochaeta (earthworms)
Subclass Hirudinea (leeches, ectoparasites, medicine)

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23
Q

characteristics of sub class polychaeta

A

Annelida
marine, external, fertilization, parapodia (motion)

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24
Q

Characteristics of sub class oligochaeta

A

eggs fertilization in cocoon, includes earthworms which aerate soil and redistribution of organic matter)

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25
Q

Phylum Mollusca

A

Generally separate sexes
– Many hermaphroditic snails
foot, visceral mass, mantle, shell (internal, external, none), gill, radula. Bivalves lack radula

26
Q

which protostomes have a complete digestive system

A

nematoda, annelida, mollusca, arthropoda

27
Q

which phyla have an open circulatory system

A

Mollusca (can be open or closed depending on energy needs), Arthropoda,

28
Q

which phyla have a closed circulatory system

A

Annelida, Nematoda, Mollusca (Cephalopoda)

29
Q

Open vs closed circulatory system

A

Open: found in invertebrates, blood flows freely through cavities no vessels to conduct the blood, less energy used
Closed circulatory system: It is found in vertebrates and a few invertebrates, like earthworms. This system has vessels that conduct blood throughout the body, more energy used

30
Q

Classes of Phylum Mollusca

A

Class Gastropoda (snails, slugs)
* Class Bivalvia (clams, mussels, scallops)
* Class Celphalopoda (squid, octopus, nautilus)

31
Q

Class Gastropoda

A

Mollusca, (snails slugs)
most diverse class within Phylum Mollusca, herbivores, asymmetrical, suction feet, have radula (scraping food)

32
Q

Class Bivalvia characteristics

A

Mollusca (clams, mussels, scallops)
Marine & freshwater species
Two-shells, Most are filter-feeders, No radula, Muscular foot digs into sediment

33
Q

Reproduction in freshwater mussels

A

Many species have a glochidium larval stage
Glochidia complete development in fish host
some female mussels have a fish-like lure to attract hosts

34
Q

Class Celphalopoda

A

squid, octopus, nautilus
800 species, intelligent
Fast active predators
Beak-like radula
Shell presence varies

35
Q

Ecdysozoa - Superphyla

A

Possess an exoskeleton for support and protection
Molt their exoskeleton during growth (ecdysis)
Bilateral symmetry, triploblast, coelomate

36
Q

What protostomes are ecdysozoans

A

Arthropoda, Nematoda

37
Q

Phylum Nematoda

A

round worms, vary in size and
habitat, cuticle made of collagen

38
Q

significance of important nematodes:

A

elegans (model org),
soybean cyst, Elephantiasis (mosquito vector), trichinosis (pork vector)
heartworm (mosquito vector).

39
Q

characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda:

A

most diverse clade, chitin exoskeleton, breathing via gills, book lungs, tracheal system, jointed appendages, Well-developed sensory systems

40
Q

Subphylum within Phylum Arthropoda

A

Subphylum Chelicerata
Subphylum Myriapoda
Subphylum Crustacea
Subphylum Hexapoda

41
Q

Subphylum Chelicerata

A

Arthropoda (Spiders, horseshoe crabs)
claw-like feeding appendage
2 body regions (cephalothorax, abdomen),
4 pairs legs, no antennae

42
Q

classes of Subphylum Myriapoda

A

Arthropoda
Class Diplopoda (millipedes)
Class Chilipoda (centipedes)

43
Q

Class Diplopoda (millipedes)

A

Two pairs of legs per segment
Herbivores & detritivores

44
Q

Class Chilipoda (centipedes)

A

One pair of legs per segment
Carnivores (other arthropods)
Venom used to capture prey & defense

45
Q

characteristics of Subphylum Crustacea

A

Arthropoda (crabs, lobsters)
47,000 species
Two body regions (cephalothorax, abdomen)
2 pairs of antennae
>5 pairs of legs
Branched appendages
Chewing mouth parts

46
Q

Subphylum Hexapoda

A

Arthropoda
1,000,000+ species
No marine species
3 sections (head, thorax, abdomen),
3 pairs legs,
1 pair antennae,
wings

47
Q

Why is subphylum hexapoda considered successful

A
  1. Flight – only protostome to fly
  2. Specialized mouth parts
  3. Metamorphosis (complete/incomplete)
48
Q

metamorphosis

A

Process of growth from egg to
adult, Includes juvenile stage

49
Q

Complete metamorphosis

A

Larvae and adult live in different habitats
Morphological differences, larva –> adult

50
Q

Incomplete metamorphosis

A

Larvae and adult live in similar habitats
Morphological similarities, nymph stages

51
Q

Coleoptera

A

beetles
Complete metamorphosis
* Predators & scavengers
* 360,000+ species
* Possibly* the most diverse
order of insects

52
Q

Order Lepidoptera

A

butterflies, moths
Complete metamorphosis
* Herbivores (nectar, plant
leaves)
* 180,000 species

53
Q

Order Diptera

A

flies, midges, gnats
Complete metamorphosis
* Some species predators, some eat nectar, detritus
* 150,000 species

54
Q

Order Hymenoptera

A

bees, wasps, ants
Complete metamorphosis
* Herbivores, predators, or parasitoids
* Many eusocial species
* 115,000 species

55
Q

Order Hemiptera

A

true bugs
Incomplete metamorphosis (generally)
* Plant juices or predatory (blood)
* 85,000 species

56
Q

Order Orthoptera

A

grasshoppers, crickets
Incomplete metamorphosis
* Herbivores
* 25,000 species

57
Q

Order Odonata

A

dragonflies, damselflies
incomplete metamorphosis (weird)
* Predators
* 6,500 species

58
Q

Importance of insects

A
  • Long evolutionary history with plants
  • Many relationships, especially pollination
    – General pollinators
    – Specialized pollinators
59
Q

Cause of decline of insects

A

Habitat loss
* Pollution (pesticides, etc.)
* Parasites/biological changes
– Invasive species
* Climate change

60
Q

Why is the decline of insects important?

A

Insects are the base of many food chains
* Insects provide many services (pollination etc.)
* Pest insects are expected to THRIVE in this future
– Predatory insects are eliminated
– Easily evolve resistance to pesticides

Biology 2110 (7 decks)

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