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Biology 2110 > Chapter 31 > Flashcards

Chapter 31 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some characteristics of Superphylum Lophotrochozoa?

A

trochophores (larvae), or lophophore (adults),

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2
Q

What phyla are lophotrochozoans

A

Mollusca, Annelida, Platyhelminthes (no lophophore or trochophore)

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3
Q

Lophophore vs Tochophore

A

Lophophore in ADULTS Feeding Respiration Trochophore in LARVA Feeding Movement

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4
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes

A

Flatworms (parasitic or free-living), acoelomate

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5
Q

which phyla have cephalization

A

cephalization: head
Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Arthropoda, Annelida, Chordata, mollusca

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6
Q

which protostome has an incomplete digestive system

A

Platyhelminthes

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7
Q

what phylum does not have neither a lophophore nor trochophore

A

Phylum Platyhelminthes

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8
Q

where does Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) live

A

Live in marine, freshwater, & damp terrestrial habitats

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9
Q

Types of Platyhelminthes

A

Free-living and parasitic

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10
Q

Free-living class of platyhelminthes

A

class Turbellaria (planarians)

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11
Q

parasitic classes of platyhelminthes

A

Class Monogenea (monogeneans) Class Trematoda (flukes) Class Cestoda (tapeworms)

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12
Q

Class Trematoda

A

flukes (platyhelminthes)
Ectoparasites or Endoparasites
* Complex lifestyles for multiple hosts

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13
Q

Class Cestoda

A

tapeworms (platyhelminthes),
Endoparasitic
found in intestines of vertebrates (including humans)
* No digestive system

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14
Q

Adult cestode anatomy

A

Scolex
– Attachment organs on head
– Hooks, suckers, etc
* Proglottids
– Body segments with sex organs
– Detach for dispersal

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15
Q

Which protostomes have segmentation

A

Annelida, Arthropoda

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16
Q

Phylum Annelida

A

segmented worm
6,800 named species
* Some parasitic species (leeches)

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17
Q

which protostomes have a coelom

A

Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca

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18
Q

Where does phylum annelida live

A

Live in marine, freshwater, & damp terrestrial habitats

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19
Q

Free-living vs parasitic lifestyle

A

Free-living organisms find food in environment using organs for collection and digestion of food emphasized
Parasitic species use host organisms for food. Can be multiple hosts. Organs for reproductive effort emphasized Increases the likelihood offspring will get to next host

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20
Q

Free-living nutrition organs

A

Pharynx – a muscular protractible tube. Feed by inverting pharynx, food digested in incomplete digestive system. Gastrovascular cavity, waste leaves via pharynx

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21
Q

Parasite characteristics

A

Host is necessary to complete lifecycle
* Sometimes there is an intermediate host
– Asexual reproduction occurs in intermediate host
* Final host is where sexual reproduction occurs
* HIGH reproductive rate

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22
Q

Groups of Phylum Annelida

A

subclass Polychaeta (mostly marine worms)
Subclass Oligochaeta (earthworms)
Subclass Hirudinea (leeches, ectoparasites, medicine)

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23
Q

characteristics of sub class polychaeta

A

Annelida
marine, external, fertilization, parapodia (motion)

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24
Q

Characteristics of sub class oligochaeta

A

eggs fertilization in cocoon, includes earthworms which aerate soil and redistribution of organic matter)

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25
Phylum Mollusca
Generally separate sexes – Many hermaphroditic snails foot, visceral mass, mantle, shell (internal, external, none), gill, radula. Bivalves lack radula
26
which protostomes have a complete digestive system
nematoda, annelida, mollusca, arthropoda
27
which phyla have an open circulatory system
Mollusca (can be open or closed depending on energy needs), Arthropoda,
28
which phyla have a closed circulatory system
Annelida, Nematoda, Mollusca (Cephalopoda)
29
Open vs closed circulatory system
Open: found in invertebrates, blood flows freely through cavities no vessels to conduct the blood, less energy used Closed circulatory system: It is found in vertebrates and a few invertebrates, like earthworms. This system has vessels that conduct blood throughout the body, more energy used
30
Classes of Phylum Mollusca
Class Gastropoda (snails, slugs) * Class Bivalvia (clams, mussels, scallops) * Class Celphalopoda (squid, octopus, nautilus)
31
Class Gastropoda
Mollusca, (snails slugs) most diverse class within Phylum Mollusca, herbivores, asymmetrical, suction feet, have radula (scraping food)
32
Class Bivalvia characteristics
Mollusca (clams, mussels, scallops) Marine & freshwater species Two-shells, Most are filter-feeders, No radula, Muscular foot digs into sediment
33
Reproduction in freshwater mussels
Many species have a glochidium larval stage Glochidia complete development in fish host some female mussels have a fish-like lure to attract hosts
34
Class Celphalopoda
squid, octopus, nautilus 800 species, intelligent Fast active predators Beak-like radula Shell presence varies
35
Ecdysozoa - Superphyla
Possess an exoskeleton for support and protection Molt their exoskeleton during growth (ecdysis) Bilateral symmetry, triploblast, coelomate
36
What protostomes are ecdysozoans
Arthropoda, Nematoda
37
Phylum Nematoda
round worms, vary in size and habitat, cuticle made of collagen
38
significance of important nematodes:
elegans (model org), soybean cyst, Elephantiasis (mosquito vector), trichinosis (pork vector) heartworm (mosquito vector).
39
characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda:
most diverse clade, chitin exoskeleton, breathing via gills, book lungs, tracheal system, jointed appendages, Well-developed sensory systems
40
Subphylum within Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Chelicerata Subphylum Myriapoda Subphylum Crustacea Subphylum Hexapoda
41
Subphylum Chelicerata
Arthropoda (Spiders, horseshoe crabs) claw-like feeding appendage 2 body regions (cephalothorax, abdomen), 4 pairs legs, no antennae
42
classes of Subphylum Myriapoda
Arthropoda Class Diplopoda (millipedes) Class Chilipoda (centipedes)
43
Class Diplopoda (millipedes)
Two pairs of legs per segment Herbivores & detritivores
44
Class Chilipoda (centipedes)
One pair of legs per segment Carnivores (other arthropods) Venom used to capture prey & defense
45
characteristics of Subphylum Crustacea
Arthropoda (crabs, lobsters) 47,000 species Two body regions (cephalothorax, abdomen) 2 pairs of antennae >5 pairs of legs Branched appendages Chewing mouth parts
46
Subphylum Hexapoda
Arthropoda 1,000,000+ species No marine species 3 sections (head, thorax, abdomen), 3 pairs legs, 1 pair antennae, wings
47
Why is subphylum hexapoda considered successful
1. Flight – only protostome to fly 2. Specialized mouth parts 3. Metamorphosis (complete/incomplete)
48
metamorphosis
Process of growth from egg to adult, Includes juvenile stage
49
Complete metamorphosis
Larvae and adult live in different habitats Morphological differences, larva --> adult
50
Incomplete metamorphosis
Larvae and adult live in similar habitats Morphological similarities, nymph stages
51
Coleoptera
beetles Complete metamorphosis * Predators & scavengers * 360,000+ species * Possibly* the most diverse order of insects
52
Order Lepidoptera
butterflies, moths Complete metamorphosis * Herbivores (nectar, plant leaves) * 180,000 species
53
Order Diptera
flies, midges, gnats Complete metamorphosis * Some species predators, some eat nectar, detritus * 150,000 species
54
Order Hymenoptera
bees, wasps, ants Complete metamorphosis * Herbivores, predators, or parasitoids * Many eusocial species * 115,000 species
55
Order Hemiptera
true bugs Incomplete metamorphosis (generally) * Plant juices or predatory (blood) * 85,000 species
56
Order Orthoptera
grasshoppers, crickets Incomplete metamorphosis * Herbivores * 25,000 species
57
Order Odonata
dragonflies, damselflies incomplete metamorphosis (weird) * Predators * 6,500 species
58
Importance of insects
* Long evolutionary history with plants * Many relationships, especially pollination – General pollinators – Specialized pollinators
59
Cause of decline of insects
Habitat loss * Pollution (pesticides, etc.) * Parasites/biological changes – Invasive species * Climate change
60
Why is the decline of insects important?
Insects are the base of many food chains * Insects provide many services (pollination etc.) * Pest insects are expected to THRIVE in this future – Predatory insects are eliminated – Easily evolve resistance to pesticides

Biology 2110 (7 decks)

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