Chapter 26

Question 1

Where do prokaryotes live?

Answer 1

They can live and survive anywhere, including extreme conditions.

Question 2

What are the three domains of life?

Answer 2

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

Question 3

How are Bacteria and Archaea different?

Answer 3

Their molecules in their cell walls and plasma membranes are different, bacteria are more diverse, bacteria have peptidoglycan in cell walls, and archaea have histone proteins.

Question 4

How are prokaryotes and eukaryotes different?

Answer 4

Prokaryotes have ring-shaped chromosomes while eukaryotes have linear chromosomes. Prokaryotes are all unicellular while eukaryotes can be multicellular. Eukaryotes also have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Question 5

How do prokaryotes get energy?

Answer 5

1. Sun: photo-
2. Organic molecules: chemoorgano-
3. Inorganic molecules: chemolitho

Question 6

How do prokaryotes get their carbon?

Answer 6

1. CO2: auto-
2. Organic molecules: hetero-

Question 7

What is the difference between prokaryote metabolism and eukaryote metabolism?

Answer 7

Prokaryotes can perform all 6 types of metabolism while eukaryotes can only perform two (photoautotrophs and heterotrophs)

Question 8

What are the types of respiration in prokaryotes?

Answer 8

Obligate aerobes (require O2 to breathe), Obligate anaerobes (poisoned by O2), Facultative anaerobes (Can use O2, but not required), Aerotolerant anaerobes (do not use O2 but are not poisoned by it)

Question 9

What does the genetic makeup of prokaryotes look like?

Answer 9

Small genome, a single strand of ring DNA, nucleoid region (no nucleus), and plasmids (additional DNA in cytoplasm)

Question 10

What are the limits to prokaryote growth?

Answer 10

The cells exhaust nutrient supplies, cells gather toxic metabolic waste, competition/consumption from other organisms

Question 11

How does reproduction in prokaryotes work?

Answer 11

Binary fission - rapid reproduction allows for quick adaption to environment, but mutations, good or bad, can also occur easier.

Question 12

What are the types of genetic recombination?

Answer 12

transformation (ambient uptake) transduction (viral transfer), and conjugation (genetic material is transferred between two cells that are temporarily joined).

Question 13

What is the basic morphology of prokaryotes?

Answer 13

cocci spheres, bacilli rod, vibrio comma, and spira spiral.

Question 14

What are the structures of prokaryotes and what do they look like?

Answer 14

flagella (microscopic hair-like structures involved in the locomotion) cilia (Cilia are small, slender, hair-like structures) and endospores (Circular hair-like structures)

Question 15

How does cell wall composition lead to resistance to penicillin?

Answer 15

Gram+ cells have thick peptidoglycan layers and are susceptible to
penicillin. Gram- cells have thin peptidoglycan layers and are resistant to
penicillin

Question 16

What are some prokaryote interactions?

Answer 16

Interactions can be with other organisms or with inorganic materials Mutualism (+,+), Parasitism (+,-)

Question 17

What is a microbiome?

Answer 17

The microbiome is the community of prokaryotes (mostly bacteria) that live on and in our bodies. They carry out many functions like digestion, vitamin production, and maybe even mood regulation.

Question 18

What is pathogenic bacteria?

Answer 18

Bacteria that cause disease, only a small portion of bacteria cause disease

Question 19

What is virulence?

Answer 19

The ability to spread disease

Question 20

What is germ theory?

Answer 20

The theory that certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms

Question 21

What are Koch’s Postulates?

Answer 21

1. Isolate pathogen from sick creature
2. Grow it in lab to get a pure culture
3. Inject healthy creature with pure culture, should see symptoms from sick creature
4. Reisolate pathogen from sick creatures.

Question 22

How do antibiotics work?

Answer 22

Molecules developed to kill bacteria or keep from growing. Antibiotics target traits, such as cell wall formation, not specific organisms.

Question 23

What is the hygiene hypothesis?

Answer 23

Antibiotics being overused led to a reduced number of beneficial bacteria in microbiome, increases autoimmune disorders like asthma

Question 24

How can bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?

Answer 24

antibiotic resistance arises from mutation and can spread through population through differential survival and conjugation.

Question 25

How do you reduce antibiotic resistance?

Answer 25

Reduce use in farm animals, do not share your prescription with others, avoid antibiotic-laced products, and follow doctor’s instructions

Question 26

How is genetic recombination important in prokaryotes?

Answer 26

Genetic recombination in prokaryotes is important for genetic diversity, environmental flexibility, and evolution.

Question 27

How does Mitosis work?

Answer 27

A cell replicates its chromosomes and produces two identical daughter cells,

Question 28

How does Meiosis work?

Answer 28

A cell divides twice to produce four distinct daughter cells with different genetic information from parent cell