Chapter 26 Flashcards
Where do prokaryotes live?
They can live and survive anywhere, including extreme conditions.
What are the three domains of life?
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
How are Bacteria and Archaea different?
Their molecules in their cell walls and plasma membranes are different, bacteria are more diverse, bacteria have peptidoglycan in cell walls, and archaea have histone proteins.
How are prokaryotes and eukaryotes different?
Prokaryotes have ring-shaped chromosomes while eukaryotes have linear chromosomes. Prokaryotes are all unicellular while eukaryotes can be multicellular. Eukaryotes also have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
How do prokaryotes get energy?
- Sun: photo-
- Organic molecules: chemoorgano-
- Inorganic molecules: chemolitho
How do prokaryotes get their carbon?
- CO2: auto-
- Organic molecules: hetero-
What is the difference between prokaryote metabolism and eukaryote metabolism?
Prokaryotes can perform all 6 types of metabolism while eukaryotes can only perform two (photoautotrophs and heterotrophs)
What are the types of respiration in prokaryotes?
Obligate aerobes (require O2 to breathe), Obligate anaerobes (poisoned by O2), Facultative anaerobes (Can use O2, but not required), Aerotolerant anaerobes (do not use O2 but are not poisoned by it)
What does the genetic makeup of prokaryotes look like?
Small genome, a single strand of ring DNA, nucleoid region (no nucleus), and plasmids (additional DNA in cytoplasm)
What are the limits to prokaryote growth?
The cells exhaust nutrient supplies, cells gather toxic metabolic waste, competition/consumption from other organisms
How does reproduction in prokaryotes work?
Binary fission - rapid reproduction allows for quick adaption to environment, but mutations, good or bad, can also occur easier.
What are the types of genetic recombination?
transformation (ambient uptake) transduction (viral transfer), and conjugation (genetic material is transferred between two cells that are temporarily joined).
What is the basic morphology of prokaryotes?
cocci spheres, bacilli rod, vibrio comma, and spira spiral.
What are the structures of prokaryotes and what do they look like?
flagella (microscopic hair-like structures involved in the locomotion) cilia (Cilia are small, slender, hair-like structures) and endospores (Circular hair-like structures)
How does cell wall composition lead to resistance to penicillin?
Gram+ cells have thick peptidoglycan layers and are susceptible to
penicillin. Gram- cells have thin peptidoglycan layers and are resistant to
penicillin
What are some prokaryote interactions?
Interactions can be with other organisms or with inorganic materials Mutualism (+,+), Parasitism (+,-)
What is a microbiome?
The microbiome is the community of prokaryotes (mostly bacteria) that live on and in our bodies. They carry out many functions like digestion, vitamin production, and maybe even mood regulation.
What is pathogenic bacteria?
Bacteria that cause disease, only a small portion of bacteria cause disease
What is virulence?
The ability to spread disease
What is germ theory?
The theory that certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms
What are Koch’s Postulates?
- Isolate pathogen from sick creature
- Grow it in lab to get a pure culture
- Inject healthy creature with pure culture, should see symptoms from sick creature
- Reisolate pathogen from sick creatures.
How do antibiotics work?
Molecules developed to kill bacteria or keep from growing. Antibiotics target traits, such as cell wall formation, not specific organisms.
What is the hygiene hypothesis?
Antibiotics being overused led to a reduced number of beneficial bacteria in microbiome, increases autoimmune disorders like asthma
How can bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?
antibiotic resistance arises from mutation and can spread through population through differential survival and conjugation.
How do you reduce antibiotic resistance?
Reduce use in farm animals, do not share your prescription with others, avoid antibiotic-laced products, and follow doctor’s instructions
How is genetic recombination important in prokaryotes?
Genetic recombination in prokaryotes is important for genetic diversity, environmental flexibility, and evolution.
How does Mitosis work?
A cell replicates its chromosomes and produces two identical daughter cells,
How does Meiosis work?
A cell divides twice to produce four distinct daughter cells with different genetic information from parent cell
