Chapter 3.1

Question 1

Refractory period?

Answer 1

the time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated.

Question 2

GABA:

Answer 2

inhibitory neurotransmitter.

Question 3

Conduction:

Answer 3

is the movement of an electrical signal within neurons, from the dendrites to the cell body then throught the axon.

Question 4

during the resting potential the inside of the cell membrane is – charged relative to the outside

Answer 4

negatively

Question 5

peripheral nervous system:

Answer 5

connects the central nervous system to the bodys organs and muscles

Question 6

Pukinje cell:

Answer 6

type of interneuron that carries information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain and spinal cord. Resemble bushes.

Question 7

Synapse:

Answer 7

region between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another.

Question 8

endorphins:

Answer 8

act within the pain pathway and emotion centers of the brain “runners high”

Question 9

synaptic gap:

Answer 9

is where the neuron release neurotransmitters that is release across the synaptic gap and then they bind with the post synaptic neurone.

Question 10

Terminal buttons:

Answer 10

end of axons. tiny places where vesicles capture the neurotransmitters. They are knoblike structures that branch out from an axon. A terminal button is filled with tiny vesicles that contain neurotransmitters.

Question 11

what is the peripheral nervous system divided into:

Answer 11

1. somatic nervous system- is a set of nerves that conveys info between voluntary muscles and the central nervous system like reaching for morning cup of coffee. 2. Autnomic nervous system- carries out involuntary and automatic commands that control blood vessels, body organs and glands.

Question 12

how is the nervous system divided:

Answer 12

1. central nervous system 2. Peripheral nervous system

Question 13

Nervous system:

Answer 13

is an interacting network of neurons that conveys electrochemical information throughout the body.

Question 14

what is action potential peak?

Answer 14

+40

Question 15

Interneurons:

Answer 15

connect sensory neurons, motor neurons or other interneurons.

Question 16

central nervous system:

Answer 16

composed of the brain and spinal cord. The central nervous system receives sensory information from the external world, processes and coordinates this information and sends commands to the skeletal and muscular systems for action.

Question 17

when do the Na and K channels open?

Answer 17

when an electric charge is raised to the threshold value they open up like a floodgate. So during action potential they do.

Question 18

Motor neurons:

Answer 18

carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement. These neurons often have long axons that reach to muscles at our extremeties.

Question 19

action potential:

Answer 19

an electric signal that is conducted along the length of a neurons axon to a synapse. This is all or none.

Question 20

Neurotransmitters and receprots work like what?

Answer 20

a lock and key

Question 21

acetylcholine:

Answer 21

voluntary motor control. Alzheimers disease is associated with detriorationg of this.

Question 22

Neurons are complex structure composed of 3 basic parts:

Answer 22

1. cell body- coordinates information processing tasks and keeps the cell alive. 2. Dendrite: receives information from other neurons and relays it to the cell body. 3. Axon: transmits information to other neurons, muscles or glands.

Question 23

Norepinephrine:

Answer 23

mood and arousal

Question 24

what is the key thing about electrochemical communication?

Answer 24

its an all or none function! it either fires or it does not!

Question 25

how does the electric charge move down the axon?

Answer 25

domino effect

Question 26

Neurotransmitters:

Answer 26

chemicals that transmit information across the synapse to a receiving neurons dendrites. The dendrites of the receiving neuron contain receptors.

Question 27

receprots on post synaptic dendrites:

Answer 27

receptors, parts of the cell membranes that receive neurotransmitters and either initate or prevent a new electric signal.

Question 28

Serotonin:

Answer 28

regulation of sleep and wakefulness, eating and aggressive behaviour

Question 29

the autonomic nervous system is then divided into what 2?

Answer 29

1. sympathethetic nervous system: prepares the body for action in threatening situations 2. Parasympathetic nervous system: helps the body return to a normal resting state.

Question 30

Pyramidal cells:

Answer 30

found in the cerebral cortex, have a triangular cell body and a single, long dendrite among many smaller dendrites.

Question 31

Transmission:

Answer 31

is the movement of electric signals from one neurone to another as a result of chemical signalling across the synapse.

Question 32

Glutamate:

Answer 32

excritaroy neurotransmitter involved in info transmission

Question 33

Dopamine:

Answer 33

motor behaviour, motivation, pleasure, and emotional arousal. Plays a role in drug addiction. High levels have been linked to schizophrenia and low levels linked to parkinson.

Question 34

describe the electrochemical action called synaptic transmission which allows neurons to communicate with each other and ultimatelyu underlie yout htoughts, emotions and behaviour

Answer 34

the action potential travels down the length of the axon to the terminal buttoms where it stimulates the released of neurotransmitters from vesicles into the synapse. The neurotransmitters float across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on a nearby dendrite of the receiving neuron or postsynaptic neuron. A new action potential is inititated in that neuron and the process continues 1. Synthesis and storage of neurotransmitter molecules in synaptic vesicles 2. Release of neurotransmitter molecules into synaptic cleft 3. Binding of neurotransmitters at receptor sites on postsynaptic membrane 4. Inactivation or removal of neurotransmitters 5. Reuptake of neurotransmitters sponged up by presynaptic neuron

Question 35

resting potential

Answer 35

neurons have a natural electric charge. it is defined as the difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neurons cell membrane.

Question 36

sensory neurons:

Answer 36

receive information from the external world and convey this information to eh brain via the spinal cord

Question 37

neuron:

Answer 37

cells in the nervous system that communicate with ach other to perform information-processing tasks.

Question 38

the information starts in the ———– and goes all the way to the ——— where there is a release of chemical which will cause the next cell over to become active.

Answer 38

dendrite/ terminal bud

Question 39

Bipolar cells:

Answer 39

a type of sensory neuron found in the retinas of the eye, have a single axon and a single dendrite.

Question 40

too much glutamate or too little GABA can cause what?

Answer 40

neurone to become overactive causing seizures.

Question 41

how many nerve cells are in your brain?

Answer 41

~100 billion

Question 42

the axon is covered by what? what is this sheath made of?

Answer 42

myelin sheath; glial cells