Chapter 2

Question 1

describe the stroop test:

Answer 1

first the names of the colours appear in black (neutral) Then ink colour and colour name are the same (conruent) Ink colours and colour name are not the same (incongruent)

Question 2

Operational definition:

Answer 2

a description of a property in concenret measurable terms.

Question 3

Normal distribution:

Answer 3

which is a mathematically defined distribution in which the frequency of measurements is highest in the middle and decreases symmetrically in both directions.

Question 4

Within measurement define reliability:

Answer 4

The tendency for a measure to produce the same measurement whenever it is used to measure the same thing.

Question 5

Theory:

Answer 5

A statement designed to explain a set of results that is more encompassing than a hypothesis. A hypothetical explanation of a natural phenomenon.

Question 6

Sample:

Answer 6

a partial collection of people drawn from a population.

Question 7

what is inferential statisitc used for?

Answer 7

used to establish the casual relationship between variables.

Question 8

Third variable correlation:

Answer 8

the 2 variables are correlated only because each is casually related to a third variable.

Question 9

Hawthoren Effect:

Answer 9

people behave differently when they know they are being watched

Question 10

Instrument:

Answer 10

anything that can detect the condition to which an operational definition refers.

Question 11

Hypotheses:

Answer 11

a statement of what you think should happen in your experiment. A testable prediction. Or a falsifiable prediction made by a theory.

Question 12

whats the difference between internal validity and external validity?

Answer 12

internal validity is an attribute of an experiment that allows it to establish casual relationships. External validity is an attribute of an experiment in which variables have been defined in a normal, typical way

Question 13

what occurs during a skewed distribution? what is the best measure of central tendency?

Answer 13

The 3 descritpive statistics can differ and the best measure of central tendency is the median.

Question 14

Tri-council Policy statements (TCPS):

Answer 14

Describes the core principles based on respect for human dignity that all research involving human subjects should follow.

Question 15

Psychologists rarely observe an entire ———

Answer 15

Population

Question 16

Manipulation:

Answer 16

changing a variable in order to determine its casual power

Question 17

Scientific method:

Answer 17

procedure for finding facts by using empirical evidence.

Question 18

what are the common measurements of variability?

Answer 18

1. Range 2. Standard deviation

Question 19

Matched pair technique:

Answer 19

is a technique whereby each participant is identical to one other participant in terms of a third variable.

Question 20

what does stroop test measure?

Answer 20

1. selective attentions 2. Cogntive flexibility 3. processing speed

Question 21

Within measurement define power:

Answer 21

the ability of a measure to detect the concrete conditions specified in the operational definition.

Question 22

what is the Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC):

Answer 22

is the national organization responsible for establishing standards for the ethical use and care of animals in research

Question 23

Negative correlation:

Answer 23

2 varabesl have a more is less or less is more relationship

Question 24

Case study:

Answer 24

an in-depth study of one person (or a small number of people) Once there are many case studies that are similar you can start to see patterns

Question 25

what is a solution for the third variable problem?

Answer 25

experiment!

Question 26

Double-blind observation:

Answer 26

which is an observation whose true purpose is hidden from both the observer and the person being observed.

Question 27

Naturalistic observation:

Answer 27

technique for gathering scientific information by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments. This is not always an option.

Question 28

Independent variable:

Answer 28

the variable that is manipulated in an experiment

Question 29

what is the independent variable in stroop test?

Answer 29

colour

Question 30

Random Selection:

Answer 30

if each member of a population has an equal chance of inclusion in the study.

Question 31

Within a measurement define validity:

Answer 31

the extent to which a measurement and a property are conecptually related.

Question 32

self-selection:

Answer 32

a problem that occurs when anything about a participant determines whether he or she will be included in the experimental or control group.

Question 33

Dogmatists: Dogmatism:

Answer 33

The best way to understand illness was to speculate about the body’s functions To describe people’s tendency to cling to their assumptions

Question 34

Correlation coefficient (r):

Answer 34

measures the direction and strength of a correlation. Perfect correlations are extremely rare!

Question 35

Dependent variable:

Answer 35

the variable that is measured in a study

Question 36

Correlations:

Answer 36

when variations in the value of one variable are synchronized with variations in the value of the other.

Question 37

Matched sample technique:

Answer 37

a technique whereby the participants in 2 groups are identical in terms of a third variable.

Question 38

Canadian code of ethics for psychologists: what are the 4 principles?

Answer 38

Principle 1- respect for the dignity of persons Principle 2- Responsible caring Principle 3- Integrity in relationships Principe 4- responsibility to society

Question 39

Random assignment:

Answer 39

If each member selected has an equal chance of being placed in the experimental or control condition.

Question 40

what occurs to the measures of central tendency during a normal distribution?

Answer 40

the mean, median and mode all have the same value

Question 41

Frequency distribution-

Answer 41

a graphic representation of measurements arranged by the number of times each measurement was made.

Question 42

what are the main points to follow with research with humans?

Answer 42

1. Informed consent- 2. Confidentiality 3. Minimal risk 4. Debriefing 5. Freedon from coercion 6. Protection from harm 7. Risk-to-benefit analysis 8. Deception

Question 43

what are and define the three R’s:

Answer 43

1. Replacement: the researchers have to prove that there is no alternative to using animals in the research and that the use of animals is justified by the scientific or clinical value of the study. 2. Reduction: researchers must use the smallest number of animals possible to acheive the research. 3. Refinement: procedures must be modified to minimize the discomfort, infection, illness and pain of animals.

Question 44

Empircists: Empircism:

Answer 44

who thought the best way to understand illness was to observe sick people To describe the belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation. (this is the essential element of the scientific method)

Question 45

Standard deviation:

Answer 45

a statistic that describes the average difference between the measurements in a frequency distribution and the mean of that distribution.

Question 46

what are the three measures of central tendency?

Answer 46

1. Mean (average) 2.) Median (middle score) 3.) Mode (most frequent occuring socre)

Question 47

Demand characteristics:

Answer 47

are those aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think someone else wants or expects.

Question 48

Positive correlation:

Answer 48

exists when 2 variables have a more is more or less is less relationship.