Chapter 2 Flashcards
describe the stroop test:
first the names of the colours appear in black (neutral) Then ink colour and colour name are the same (conruent) Ink colours and colour name are not the same (incongruent)
Operational definition:
a description of a property in concenret measurable terms.
Normal distribution:
which is a mathematically defined distribution in which the frequency of measurements is highest in the middle and decreases symmetrically in both directions.
Within measurement define reliability:
The tendency for a measure to produce the same measurement whenever it is used to measure the same thing.
Theory:
A statement designed to explain a set of results that is more encompassing than a hypothesis. A hypothetical explanation of a natural phenomenon.
Sample:
a partial collection of people drawn from a population.
what is inferential statisitc used for?
used to establish the casual relationship between variables.
Third variable correlation:
the 2 variables are correlated only because each is casually related to a third variable.
Hawthoren Effect:
people behave differently when they know they are being watched
Instrument:
anything that can detect the condition to which an operational definition refers.
Hypotheses:
a statement of what you think should happen in your experiment. A testable prediction. Or a falsifiable prediction made by a theory.
whats the difference between internal validity and external validity?
internal validity is an attribute of an experiment that allows it to establish casual relationships. External validity is an attribute of an experiment in which variables have been defined in a normal, typical way
what occurs during a skewed distribution? what is the best measure of central tendency?
The 3 descritpive statistics can differ and the best measure of central tendency is the median.
Tri-council Policy statements (TCPS):
Describes the core principles based on respect for human dignity that all research involving human subjects should follow.
Psychologists rarely observe an entire ———
Population
Manipulation:
changing a variable in order to determine its casual power
Scientific method:
procedure for finding facts by using empirical evidence.
what are the common measurements of variability?
- Range 2. Standard deviation
Matched pair technique:
is a technique whereby each participant is identical to one other participant in terms of a third variable.
what does stroop test measure?
- selective attentions 2. Cogntive flexibility 3. processing speed
Within measurement define power:
the ability of a measure to detect the concrete conditions specified in the operational definition.
what is the Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC):
is the national organization responsible for establishing standards for the ethical use and care of animals in research
Negative correlation:
2 varabesl have a more is less or less is more relationship
Case study:
an in-depth study of one person (or a small number of people) Once there are many case studies that are similar you can start to see patterns
what is a solution for the third variable problem?
experiment!
Double-blind observation:
which is an observation whose true purpose is hidden from both the observer and the person being observed.
Naturalistic observation:
technique for gathering scientific information by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments. This is not always an option.
Independent variable:
the variable that is manipulated in an experiment
what is the independent variable in stroop test?
colour
Random Selection:
if each member of a population has an equal chance of inclusion in the study.
Within a measurement define validity:
the extent to which a measurement and a property are conecptually related.
self-selection:
a problem that occurs when anything about a participant determines whether he or she will be included in the experimental or control group.
Dogmatists: Dogmatism:
The best way to understand illness was to speculate about the body’s functions To describe people’s tendency to cling to their assumptions
Correlation coefficient (r):
measures the direction and strength of a correlation. Perfect correlations are extremely rare!
Dependent variable:
the variable that is measured in a study
Correlations:
when variations in the value of one variable are synchronized with variations in the value of the other.
Matched sample technique:
a technique whereby the participants in 2 groups are identical in terms of a third variable.
Canadian code of ethics for psychologists: what are the 4 principles?
Principle 1- respect for the dignity of persons Principle 2- Responsible caring Principle 3- Integrity in relationships Principe 4- responsibility to society
Random assignment:
If each member selected has an equal chance of being placed in the experimental or control condition.
what occurs to the measures of central tendency during a normal distribution?
the mean, median and mode all have the same value
Frequency distribution-
a graphic representation of measurements arranged by the number of times each measurement was made.
what are the main points to follow with research with humans?
- Informed consent- 2. Confidentiality 3. Minimal risk 4. Debriefing 5. Freedon from coercion 6. Protection from harm 7. Risk-to-benefit analysis 8. Deception
what are and define the three R’s:
- Replacement: the researchers have to prove that there is no alternative to using animals in the research and that the use of animals is justified by the scientific or clinical value of the study. 2. Reduction: researchers must use the smallest number of animals possible to acheive the research. 3. Refinement: procedures must be modified to minimize the discomfort, infection, illness and pain of animals.
Empircists: Empircism:
who thought the best way to understand illness was to observe sick people To describe the belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation. (this is the essential element of the scientific method)
Standard deviation:
a statistic that describes the average difference between the measurements in a frequency distribution and the mean of that distribution.
what are the three measures of central tendency?
- Mean (average) 2.) Median (middle score) 3.) Mode (most frequent occuring socre)
Demand characteristics:
are those aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think someone else wants or expects.
Positive correlation:
exists when 2 variables have a more is more or less is less relationship.
