Chapter 31 Flashcards
Unikonta is?
Fungi and Animals
Fungi and Animals are more closely related than Fungi and Plants from a genetic point of view. (True or False)
True
Fungi produce?
Fungi (especially ascomycetes) produce many substances that we use to protect us from bacteria, fungi, and ourselves
Penicillium chrysogenum
(ascomycete)
penicillin
(anti-bacterial)
Acremonium
(ascomycete)
cephalosporin
(anti-bacterial)
Penicillium griseofulvin
(ascomycete)
griseofulvin
(anti-fungal)
Tolypocladium inflatum
(ascomycete)
cyclosporin (immuno-suppressant)
Many basidiomycete and ascomycete fungi are?
parasites or pathogens on plants and animals:
Mushrooms are a good source of protein (T/F)
True
Cordyceps
(ascomycete)
Huitlacoche
(basidiomycete)
Ustilago maydis (scientific name of Huitlacoche)
Trichophyton sp. and Microsporum sp. are the common cause of ?
athlete’s foot and ringworms.
Shared traits between fungi and animals
both heterotrophic, requiring complex organic molecules, but differ significantly in how they access those molecules
most animal cells are motil and some fungi cells are
cells that swim both use one posterior cilia
cell wall - humans No, but they make ECM
Chitin and proteins. Fungi Yes.
Chitin and proteins
Different methods of accessing complex organic molecules
Animals ingest, then digest their food internally, using the large surface area of the intestines to absorb nutrients.
Fungi, grow their mycelia into their food and secrete enzymes to digest it, then use the large surface area to ingest nutrients.
Plants make their own food using light, gas and minerals, and they must maximize their light-, gas- and mineral-collecting surface area.
cell movement
Fungi and Animal cells swim by “pushing” with a posterior cilia, while almost all other eukaryotes use anterior cilia to “pull” themselves through fluids:
Characteristics of fungi
Vegetative body may be unicellular (yeast) or composed of microscopic threads called hyphae
Cell walls made of chitin
Filamentous mycelium = majority of the fungal body
Individual filaments = hyphae
Why did he say fungi are weird?
their cells have holes in them so they are connected but not connected
Fungi “digest, then ingest”
(The greatest mass of the fungal “body” are the unseen filamentous mycelia that grow into the potential food.)
The tip of the mycelia uses the secretory pathway to deliver enzymes into the food mass.
The enzymes diffuse out and digest the food to simple molecules near the tip of the mycelia.
The mycelia then takes-up the simple molecules, concentrating them in the tip.
The mycelia then uses the food to drive growth of the mycelia deeper into the food mass…
…where the cycle begins again until the whole of the food mass has been digested.
Advantages of the fungal lifestyle
Can grow in any direction, over long distances
Can invade the interior of food substrates with absorptive filaments
Dispersal of asexually-produced spores allows for additional exploration of habitats
Fungi digest well, which is good and bad
Good: Otherwise, the world would fill with the carcasses of dead things (Decomposition/Recycling)
Good: They can help other organisms better digest their food or better access nutrients (Mutualisms with animals, mycorrhizae with plants)
Bad: Some of those things they are trying to digest aren’t dead (yet).
What do fungi do?
Secrete enzymes that break down complex macromolecules:
Most fungi are?
opportunists, they don’t notice (or care) what they are digesting and are only stopped if the organism they are trying to digest can stop them.
