Chapter 22 Flashcards

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1
Q

what two things must be accounted to make up a species?

A

the distinctness at a single location
and
connections between different populations in the same species

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2
Q

What is it called when species diverge in phenotypic and genetic traits within the same population?

A

Sympatric speciation

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3
Q

What is an intervening population?

A

A population that has the traits of other populations in a different area within the same species.

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4
Q

What are the pre-zygotic reproductive isolations?

A

Ecological isolation, behavioral isolation, temporal isolation, mechanical isolation, prevention of gamete fusion

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5
Q

What are the post-zygotic reproductive isolations?

A

Hybrid inviability and hybrid infertility

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6
Q

What is are the characteristics of a species according to the biological species concept?

A

The population has the possibility of interbreeding and must be reproductively isolated from other populations

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7
Q

What is are the characteristics of a species according to the ecological species concept?

A

When the gene flow is weak, a species’ differences are stabilized through natural selection (process is called reinforcement)

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8
Q

Can incomplete speciation and partial isolating reproduction exist?

A

Yes, some populations do not fully speciate, and some hybrids may be able to survive.

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9
Q

What is pre-mating isolation?

A

When circumstances do not allow two populations to breed

Ex: Some butterflies only pollinate one color of flowers while other butterflies pollinate another color of the same flowers. Those two colors of flowers will not get a chance to breed together.

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10
Q

Will reinforcement ensure complete speciation?

A

No, incomplete speciation may reverse back if the two populations meet again.

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11
Q

What other events would lead to speciation?

A

genetic drift (bottleneck effect and founders effect) and adaptation to different environments

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12
Q

Isolating mechanisms exist only to speciate populations. (True/False)

A

False, this is only true in reinforcement.

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13
Q

What are the two steps of speciation?

A
  1. Species must diverge
  2. Diverged species must form a reproductive barrier to maintain differences
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14
Q

What type of speciation takes place when two populations are geographically isolated?

A

Allopatric speciation

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15
Q

What type of speciation takes place when two populations are not geographically isolated, but still speciated?

A

Sympatric speciation

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16
Q

What are the two types of sympatric speciation?

A

Polyploidy and disruptive selection

17
Q

Polyploidy is the instantaneous process in which an offspring has more than two sets of chromosomes either through autopolyploidy or allopolyploidy. (True/False)

A

True

18
Q

What is autopolyploidy?

A

When an offspring gets more than two sets of chromosomes from one parent.

19
Q

What is allopolyploidy?

A

When an offspring gets more that two sets of chromosomes from both parents, and extra chromosomes double.

20
Q

What is the term for when an organism has four sets of chromosomes.

A

Tetraploid

21
Q

What is the term for when an organism has three sets of chromosomes.

A

Triploid

22
Q

Which is usually fertile, tetraploid or triploid?

A

Tetraploid, they have an equal amount of sets for meiosis to occur properly.

23
Q

Disruptive selection is the generational process in which a population develops reproductive barriers and different phenotypes without diverging geographically with disruptions. (True/False)

A

True

24
Q

What are the two types of duration theories in evolution?

A

gradualism and punctuated equilibrium

25
Q

What is gradualism?

A

Small changes accumulated over millions of years that lead to a major difference between two species

26
Q

What is punctuated equilibrium?

A

When a population does not change at all (stasis), but changes immediately within a short period of time (punctuated)

27
Q

Why would a population be in stasis?

A
  1. The environment does not change at all (stabilizes) or the environment switches back and forth with different conditions (oscillates).
  2. The population moves toward a similar environment they were once in.
28
Q

Does a population experience either only gradualism or only punctuated equilibrium?

A

No, a population can experience both in their evolution