Chapter 28 Flashcards

Question

All other protists have what along with a plasma membrane?

Answer 1

Extracellular Matrix

Answer 2

strong cell walls ex. diatoms and foraminifera secrete glassy shells of silica

Answer 3

By forming cysts these cysts are a dormant form of a cell with a resistant outer covering and inside the cell metabolic activity is reduced to pretty much zero HOWEVER not all cysts are resistant to all environments. Ex. some amoebas can form cysts resistant to gastric acid but not to desiccation or high temperatures.

Answer 4

flagellar rotation pseudopods cilia

Answer 5

wave one or more flagella to propel themselves though the water

Answer 6

banks of short, flagella-like structures that create water currents for their feeding or propulsion. can act like oars to move the protist through fluid

Answer 7

Pseudopods means false feet in Greek REMEBER THIS IS TYPICALLY AMOEBAS other protists also have long, thin pseudopods that can be extended or retracted. Since the tips can adhere to surfaces, the cell moves through a rolling motion, shortening the front pseudopods and extending the ones in the back

Answer 8

both (HEHEHEHE)

Answer 9

Some are photosynthetic while other are chemoautotrophic

Answer 10

some of them are phagotrophs (ingest particles of food into vesicles called food vacuoles or phagosomes)

Answer 11

protists that are both phototrophic and heterotrophic

Answer 12

asexually some reproduce regularly, whereas some reproduce at times of stress such as food shortages

Answer 13

involves mitosis but differs from multicellular organism mitosis nuclear membrane persists throughout mitosis so the mitotic spindles form in the nucleus some species the cell splits in equal halfs but some species divide by budding and some divide by schizogony

Answer 14

the daughter cell is considerably smaller than its parent and then grows to adult size

Answer 15

cell division preceded by several nuclear divisions; allows cytokinesis to produce several individuals almost simultaneously

Answer 16

it is a major evolutionary innovation that arose in ancestral protists allows for the production of haploid cells from diploid cells and the generation of genetic diversity

Answer 17

process of producing offspring by fertilization, the union of two haploid cells, which were generated by meiosis. the advantage of it is that it allows for frequent genetic recombination, which contributes to the variation required for evolution by natural selection

Answer 18

the evolution of meiosis and sexual reproduction

Answer 19

multicellularity

Answer 20

Some single celled eukaryotes began living in association with others, in colonies. Then the individual members of the colony began to take on the characteristics of a single individual (true multicellularity)

Answer 21

it fosters specialization few innovations have had as great an influence on the history of life

Answer 22

the two monophyletic clades, diplomonads and the Parabasalids, and the Euglenozoa They share similarities in cytoskeletal features and D N A sequences

Answer 23

a groove down one side of the cell body in some groups

Answer 24

unicellular lack a functional mitochondria multiple posterior flagella 2 haploid nuclei per cell Ex. Giardia intestinalis (a parasite) pass from human to human via water and causes diarrhea

Answer 25

Undulating membrane for locomotion multiple flagella semi functional mitochondria one nucleus per cell Some live in termite guts and have symbiotic relationship with cellulose-degrading bacteria. Trichomonas vaginalis causes trichomoniasis, a common STD

Answer 26

Bodies change shape when swimming – alternate between being stretched out and rounded up Can change shape because they lack cell walls. Instead strips of protein encircle the cell making up the pellicle. These strips provide flexibility. Among the earliest eukaryotes to possess mitochondria since they diverged early Include free-living euglenids and parasitic kinetoplastids

Answer 27

1/3 of euglenids have chloroplasts and are autotrophic; the others lack chloroplasts, ingest their food, and are heterotrophic (in the dark the ones with chloroplasts may become heterotrophic, and will become autotrophic again once put in the light) Reproduction is asexual; occurs via mitosis (NO SEXUAL REPRODUCTION) Euglena have two anterior (and unequal) flagella attached at reservoir. One is long and project along one side the other does not emerge. Contractile vacuoles – collect excess water and empty it into the reservoir Stigma – helps photosynthetic euglenids move towards light Numerous small chloroplasts; Likely evolved from symbiotic relationship through ingestion of green algae.

Answer 28

2nd major group in Euglenozoa the name kinetoplastid refers to a unique, single mitochondrion have DNA maxicircles and minicircles that are linked together – responsible for rapid glycolysis and unusual RNA editing. Parasitism has evolved many times within kinetoplastids Trypanosomes cause human diseases (African sleeping sickness – tsetse fly. Leishmaniasis – sand fly. Chagas disease – skin contact with urine or blood of infected wild animal.) Difficult to control because organisms repeatedly change their protective coat (Elaborate genetic mechanism for changing antigen on coat. Difficult to make a vaccine; other methods used to control flies. Sequencing of genomes revealed core of common genes in all 3 – hope for single drug target.)

Answer 29

SAR supergroup

Answer 30

Brown Algae, diatoms, & oomycetes they have very fine hair on their flagella (some lost this in evolution)

Answer 31

Conspicuous seaweeds of northern regions Haplodiplontic life cycle involves alternation of generations Sporophyte – multicellular and diploid. Gametophyte – multicellular and haploid. Not plant

Answer 32

Phylum Chrysophyta Photosynthetic, unicellular organisms Unique double shells made of silica Some move using raphes (Two long grooves lined with vibrating fibrils.)

Answer 33

NOT TRUE FUNGI EVEN THOUGH THEY USED TO BE CONSIDERED “Water molds” Either parasites or saprobes Motile zoospores with two unequal flagella (Produced asexually) Undergo sexual reproduction Found in water or on land Phytophthora infestans (Irish potato famine (1845 to1849). 400,000 people died.)

Answer 34

Consist of Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexans (kind of like a drill mechanisms that allows it to drill into cells), & Ciliates Flattened vesicles called alveoli Common lineage despite diverse modes of locomotion

Answer 35

Photosynthetic, unicellular with flagella Live in aquatic environments Some are luminescent Do not appear to be directly related to any other phylum DNA not complexed with histones Noctiluca is responsible for the glowing waves Primarily asexual; sexual reproduction under starvation conditions “Red tide” are population explosions of dinoflagellates (Fish, birds, and marine mammals may die from neurotoxins produced by dinoflagellates)

Answer 36

Spore-forming animal parasites Apical complex is a unique arrangement of organelles at one end of the cell (Enables the cell to invade its host.) Plasmodium causes MALARIA Complex life cycle – sexual, asexual, different hosts. Eradication focused on eliminating mosquito vector, drug development, vaccines. DDT (SUCKS FOR ENVIRONMENT) resistant mosquitoes. malaria reproduces sexually in the vector (mosquito) and asexually in the host

Answer 37

Use their apical complex to attach themselves in the intestines of arthropods, annelids, and mollusks

Answer 38

Using apical complex, invades epithelial cells of human gut Causes infections in humans with immunosuppression Can cross placental barrier to harm fetus

Answer 39

Pellicle – tough but flexible outer covering Feature large numbers of cilia arranged in longitudinal rows or spirals around the cell (Beat in a coordinated fashion.) 2 types of nuclei - Micronucleus – used only as germ line for sexual reproduction; D N A not transcribed. - Macronucleus – essential for function. Have two types of vacuoles - Food vacuoles – digestion of food. - Contractile vacuoles – regulation of water balance PARAMECIUM CAUDATUMMMMMMMM

Answer 40

Rhizaria use pseudopods for locomotion Three distinct monophyletic groups: Radiolaria, Foraminifera, and Cercozoa

Answer 41

Phylum Actinopoda Glassy exoskeletons made of silica Needlelike pseudopods

Answer 42

Heterotrophic marine protists Pore-studded shells called tests, through which thin podia emerge Use podia for swimming and feeding Complex life cycles with haploid and diploid generations Limestones are rich in forams White Cliffs of Dover (FOUND ON MASSIVE CLIFFS AND HE RLLY LIKES THIS FOR NO GOOD REASON)

Answer 43

Morphologically diverse group of primarily soil protists - Locomotion with flagella or pseudopods. - Some have silica-based shells made of scales or plates.

Answer 44

This group consists of Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta, Charophytes, and land plants THEY ARE ALLLLLL PHOTOSYNTHETIC These photosynthetic organisms acquired their chloroplast through primary endosymbiosis

Answer 45

Red algae range from microscopic to very large Lack flagella and centrioles Have accessory photosynthetic pigments which are often red Have both haploid and diploid phases

Answer 46

Green algae consist of 2 lineages - Chlorophyta. - Unusual diversity and lines of specialization. - Charophytes. - Gave rise to the land plants.

Answer 47

Multicellularity arose many times in the eukaryotes CELL SPECIALIZATION STARTED WITH Colonial chlorophytes different cells doing different in jobs even though they have the same DNA Volvox - hollow sphere made up of a single layer of 500 to 60,000 individual cells each with 2 flagella.

Answer 48

Also green algae; distinguished from chlorophytes by phylogenetic relationship to land plants Both charophyte clades form green mats around the edges of freshwater ponds and marshes One species must have successfully inched its way onto land through adaptations to drying

Answer 49

Amoebas move by means of pseudopods - Pseudopods are flowing projections of cytoplasm. - Extend and pull the amoeba forward. Engulf food particles. - An amoeba puts a pseudopod forward and then flows into it. - Microfilaments of actin and myosin are associated with these movements. Most amoeba are free living Found in the soil as well as freshwater. Some are parasitic.

Answer 50

enters the body through a wound and crosses the blood-brain barrier into the brain; causes inflammation and death.

Answer 51

Stream along as a plasmodium - Nonwalled, multinucleate mass of cytoplasm. (ONE MASS) - Form called feeding phase. Ingests bacteria and other organic material When food or moisture is scarce, organism forms sporangia, where spores are produced

Answer 52

Choanoflagellates - Unicellular organisms. - Fungi and animal common ancestor. - Most like the common ancestor of sponges. - Have a single emergent flagellum surrounded by a funnel-shaped, contractile collar; structure is exactly matched in sponges, which are animals. Colonial choanoflagellates resemble their close animal relatives, the sponges. Sponges are multicellular even though they don't have tissues.

Chapter 28 Flashcards

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