Chapter 3: Words, Words Classes And Phrases Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

lexeme

A

dictionary entry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

orthographic words

A

When two or more words belong to the same lexeme but are different words because of their verb form or are sing/plu
Eg. Dog/s
Eat/s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

morphology

A

The study of the internal structure of words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Notional def.

A

A def. That offers a characterisation in terms of word class, a concept of meaning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

aspect

A

‘A concept that refers to the way the meaning expressed by the main verb is viewed through time’ (36) see Chap 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

perfect aspect

A

Where the action took place in the past and has current relevance. see Chap 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

progressive aspect

A

Where the action is presented as an ongoing process in the present. see Chap 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

attributive position

A

When an adjective precedes a noun in an NP. (32)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

auxiliary verbs

A

Verbs that cannot occur independently but function as ‘helping’ verbs. It specifies the meaning of the main verb. (35)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

aspectual auxiliary

A

Auxiliaries that specify how we view the main verbs action in time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

dummy auxiliary do

A
  • do-support - inster a do when negating a verb.
  • Used to form interrogative sentences that do not contain an auxiliary.
  • code - can take on the meaning of the main verb by itself. eg. Does Eleanor work all day? She does.
  • emphatic contexts e.g. Eleanor DOES work all day!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

modal auxiliary

A

Auxiliaries which are concerned with expressing situations that do not obtain at the present moment, but will, could, must or should obtain in the future. Modals are always finite and do not take typical verb endings. (36) See Chap 10.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

complementiser

A

Words that introduce Complement cluases such as that, if, whether and for.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

conjoins

A

The units in a sentence that are being coordinated. (45)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

conjunction

A

A word that has a linking function. (45)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

coordinating conjunction

A

They link units of equal syntactical status. Two coordinated phrases form a new phrase of the same type as the two constituent conjoins. (45)
e.g. and, or, but

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

subordinating conjunction

A

Elements that introduce subordinate clauses. They link conjoins of unequal syntactical status. (46)
e.g. that, if, whether, so, because, although, when.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

coordination

A

A syntactic configuration in which elements or string of elements (conjoins) are juxtaposed by means of a coordinating conjunction. (317)

19
Q

determinative

A

A class of words that occur before nouns and function as Specifier in a NP structure; e.g. the, this, that, those. (317)

20
Q

do-support

A

Refers to the insertion of the dummy auxiliary ‘do’ to add emphasis, to form ‘interrogative sentences’ etc. in sentences which do not already contain an auxiliary. (318)

21
Q

finite/nonfinite

A

A verb that carries tense is called a finite verb, a verb that does not carry tense is called a nonfinite verb.

22
Q

form

A

A grammatical notion that refers to the syntactic categories that we can assign an element or group of elements to. E.g ‘those flowers’ is a NP.

23
Q

genitive case

A

The form that pronouns occur in when they indicate possession e.g. My flowers.

24
Q

gradability

A

This refers to a property of adjectives, and some adverbs, to express degrees of application to some notion. e.g. The property of being warm can be graded into warmer (comparative) and warmest (superlative). The adjective can also be preceded by an intensifier e.g. very warm. (319)

25
Q

Head

A

A functional label that refers to the principal element in a phrase whose category determines the category of that phrase. (319)

26
Q

interjection

A

A minor word class consisting of words such as ah, oh, yuck.

27
Q

linking verb/copula

A

Verbs like seem, appear and be which link a Subject to an expression which is predicated of it. e.g. She seems angry.

28
Q

main verb

A

A verb that can stand on its own in a sentence without the need for an accompanying auxiliary verb.

29
Q

NICE properties

A
  1. Negation
  2. Inversion
  3. Code
  4. Emphasis
    ^auxiliary verbs carry NICE properties
30
Q

noun/noun phrase

A

Nouns are traditionally denoted as people, places or things. This is a notional definition. Distributional criteria is a much more accurate definition. All nouns can be preceded by a determinative, nouns can be preceded by adjectives,

31
Q

past participle

A

A nonfinite verb form ending in -ed or -en. Used in the perfect aspect.

32
Q

person

A

A three level grammatical system, applied to pronons and referring expressions, both in the singular and plural: 1st) I, we 2) you, 3rd) he/she/it, they.

33
Q

predicative position

A

The syntactic position that immediately follows a copula. e.g. He is upset, the adj ‘upset’ is in the predicative position.

34
Q

phrase

A

A string of words that behaves as a constituent and has a Head as its principal element.

35
Q

pronouns

A

A subclass of noun.

36
Q

referring expressions

A

A linguistic expression that denotes a person or entity in the real world.

37
Q

scope

A

A semantic notion that has to do with the range or extent of application of a particular element.

38
Q

tense

A

The grammatical encoding of the semantic notion of time.

39
Q

verb

A

One of the major word classes. A verb typically denotes an activity, but it can denote a state (statives).

40
Q

verb phrase

A

A phrase headed by a verb.

41
Q

word

A

The smallest unit in syntax.

42
Q

word class

A

A group of words, the members of which can be syntactically shown to behave the same way. For example, nouns occur as the Head of NPs, they can occur after determinatives etc.

43
Q

Types of pronoun

A
General personal pronoun - he
Possessive personal pronoun - mine
Reflexive personal pronoun - myself
Reciprocal personal pronoun - one another
Demonstrative pronoun - this, that
Relative pronouns - that, who, which
Interrogative or -wh pronouns - what, which
Indefinite pronouns