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Construction Management: M&M > Chapter 3: Wood > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Wood Flashcards

1
Q

Protective layer around trunk

A

Bark

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2
Q

The center of the trunk, a small zone of weak wood cells, the first year’s growth

A

Pith

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3
Q

Source of new cells

A

Cambium

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4
Q

Dead cells that contribute to the structural strength

A

Heartwood

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5
Q

The direction of the long axes of the cells - changes appearance and physical properties

A

Grain

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6
Q

Cells are larger and less dense

A

Springwood/earlywood

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7
Q

Concentric bands of _____ and ______ make up the annual growth rings in a trunk that can be counted t determine the age of the tree.

A

Springwood; summerwood

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8
Q

Needlelike leaves that remain in cold weather, come from coniferous trees. Mostly in North America, fast growing, plentiful relatively inexpensive.

A

Softwoods

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9
Q

Most drop their leaves seasonally, come from broad-leafed trees. Slower growing, more expensive.

A

Hardwoods

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10
Q

Main microstructure:

  • tracheids: large longitudinal cells
  • rays: radial cells
A

Softwoods

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11
Q

More complex microstructure:

  • fibers: longitudinal, small-diameter cells
  • vessels/pores: longitudinal, large-diameter
A

Hardwoods

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12
Q

Most lumber for building structural frames come from _____. Furniture, cabinetry, interior paneling, flooring, and other fine woodwork are composed of _____ (and some denser _____).

A

Softwoods; hardwoods; softwoods

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13
Q

Comes from forests managed according to standards for long-term sustainability, resource conservation, etc. Protects the forest ecosystem and maintains long-term forest economic viability.

A

Environmentally certified wood

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14
Q

What are some wood certification programs and organizations?

A

The Forest Stewardship Council: certification program encompassing ecological, economic, and social purposes.
Forest Management Certification: applied to forests where trees are harvested.
Chain of Custody Certification: applied to the manufacturers and distributors that process the wood after it leaves the forest.
FSC Controlled Wood: certification that assures wood products were not illegally harvested or associated with other highly objectionable practices.
FSC Mixed Sources: label meaning the wood may include Chain of Custody, Controlled Wood, and recycled wood.

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15
Q

Lengths of squared wood for use in construction

A

Lumber

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16
Q

Logs

A

Roundwood

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17
Q

A circular saw or bandsaw

A

Headsaw

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18
Q

Judges how to obtain the maximum marketable wood from each log, and uses hydraulic machinery to rotate and advance the log in order to achieve the required succession of cuts

A

Sawyer

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19
Q

Lumber from softwood, significant portions of the growth rings are oriented roughly flat. Greater distortion during drying, more uneven.

A

Plainsawn

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20
Q

Lumber from softwood, the growth rings are consistently aligned at ~45 degrees or steeper. Less distortion during drying.

A

Quartersawn

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21
Q

When the cut produces an appearance where the rays appear prominently as contrasting elements.

A

Flecks/flakes

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22
Q

Lumber with growth rings that align roughly 30-60 degrees to the boards broader face

A

Riftsawn

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23
Q

The weight of the water in the wood as a percentage of the weight of the dry wood.

A

Moisture content

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24
Q

Water stored in the cell cavities

A

Free water

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25
Q

Water held more tightly within the cellulose of the cell walls

A

Bound water

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26
Q

Moisture condition, averages around 30%

A

Fiber saturation point

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27
Q

Final moisture condition

A

Equilibrium moisture content

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28
Q

The extent of drying

A

Seasoning

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29
Q

As wood dries below 30% moisture content, it shrinks mostly in _____, and only slightly in _____ (radial).

A

Cross-section; length

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30
Q

_____ lumber is lighter, stronger, and stiffer than _____ (or ______) lumber.

A

Seasoned; green, unseasoned

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31
Q

Faster than seasoning, requires more energy

A

Kiln drying

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32
Q

Moisture shrinkage along the length of the log - negligible

A

Longitudinal shrinkage

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33
Q

Shrinkage radially, many times larger by comparison

A

Radial shrinkage

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34
Q

Shrinkage around the circumference

A

Tangential shrinkage

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35
Q

Smoothed, more dimensionally precise, and safer to handle

A

Surfaced

36
Q

High speed automatic machines for surfacing

A

Planes

37
Q

Most lumber surfaced on four sides, for framing lumber

A

Surfaced four sides (S4S)

38
Q

Often hardwoods are left with two rougher edges to be finished by the finish woodworkers, for finish lumber.

A

Surfaced two sides (S2S)

39
Q

After seasoning, removes some drying distortions

A

Surfacing after seasoning (S-DRY)

40
Q

Before seasoning, sometimes more economical. Best for wood species that don’t distort excessively as they dry.

A

Surfacing before seasoning (S-GRN)

41
Q

What are the different types of growth characteristics?

A

Knots: in structure of tree; branches are joined at the trunk
Knotholes: holes left by loose knots dropping out of the wood
Decay
Insect damage

42
Q

What are the different types of manufacturing characteristics?

A

Splits and checks: caused by shrinking stresses
Crooking, bowing, twisting, cupping: occur from non-uniform shrinkage
Wane: irregular rounding of edges of faces caused by sawing pieces too close to the perimeter of the log

43
Q

Used to rare strength and stiffness properties of a piece of lumber, done visually or by machine

A

Structural grading

44
Q

Inspectors examine, judge, and stamp each piece

A

Visually grading

45
Q

An automatic device accesses the structural properties of the wood ad stamps a grade on the piece

A

Machine grading

46
Q

Resistance to bending

A

Machine stress-rated

47
Q

Rating by collections of individual wood species that are sufficiently similar in their properties that they may be used interchangeably

A

Species group/species combination

48
Q

Ranking of visual qualities of lumber intended for flooring, trim, cabinetry, and other finish, nonstructural uses

A

Appearance grading

49
Q

How are board feet measured (actual or nominal)?

A

Nominal

50
Q

Wood produced in very thick sheets (~1/8-3mm in thickness or less)

A

Veneer

51
Q

Produced by inserting a log into a large lathe and spinning the log knife edge

A

Rotary-cut/rotary-sliced veneer

52
Q

Produced by pressing a log against a knife, without rotating the log

A

Sliced veneer

53
Q

The log from which veneer is taken

A

Flitch

54
Q

Arranged in the finished work in the same order in which they came from the log, so that grain patterns on adjacent pieces match as closely as possible

A

Sequenced

55
Q

Large wood structural beams produced by joining many smaller strips of wood together with glue

A

Glue-laminated wood (glulam)

56
Q

End joints between individual joints

A

Finger-jointed/scarf-jointed

57
Q

Where would you find cross-laminated timber?

A

Walls, floors, roofs

58
Q

Substitute composite laminated veneer lumber for the usually solid wood top and bottom laminations in the beam

A

Hybrid glulam beams

59
Q

I-joists can span further than _____ _____.

A

Solid lumber

60
Q

Structural panels laminated from solid lumber, which the orientation of members in each layer alternating from those above and below; the resulting panels are suitable for use as structural wall, floor, or roof components

A

Cross-laminated timbers (CLTs)

61
Q

Greater than 50% plastic, durable, maintenance-free, decay-resistant, finish and structural

A

Plastic lumber

62
Q

What are the advantages of cross-laminated timber?

A
  • structural components can be produced in shapes and sizes not otherwise available
  • quality can be carefully controlled
  • lightweight
  • structurally efficient
  • high degree of prefabrication and rapid on-site assembly
63
Q

Substitutes for solid lumber and are made from wood veneers or wood fiber strands and glue

A

Structural composite lumber (or engineered lumber)

64
Q

Made from shredded wood strands, coated with adhesives pressed into a rectangular cross section, and cured under heat and pressure

A

Laminated strand lumber (LSL) and oriented strand lumber (OSL)

65
Q

Made from thin wood veneer sheets; are as wide as the member is deep; glued and laminated into thicket members

A

Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)

66
Q

Made from long, thin strips of wood veneer glued and pressed in a process similar to that for LSL and OSL, but wit the veneer strips arranged more uniformly parallel than the strands in those other products

A

Parallel strand lumber (PSL)

67
Q

Manufactured wood members used for framing of both roofs and floors; I-shaped

A

I-joists

68
Q

Made from blends of plastic with wood or agricultural fibers, usually in roughly equal proportions; may be prefinished

A

Wood-plastic composite (WPC)

69
Q

What is an example of wood plastic composites?

A

Exterior decking, wood trim

70
Q

Lumberlike products made entirely or mostly from plastic resins

A

Plastic lumber

71
Q

Lumberlike products manufactured from recycled plastics

A

Recycled plastic lumber (RPL)

72
Q

What is the most common material used in the manufacture of plastic lumber?

A

High-density polyethylene (HDPE): obtained from recycling postconsumer waste (milk jugs, detergent bottles, etc.).

73
Q

Most commonly made from high-density polyethylene reinforced with glass fibers; can be formulated to be as strong as conventional solid wood, although less stiff and more prone to long-term creep under permanent loads.

A

Structural-grade plastic lumber (SGPL)

74
Q

What are the three types of structural wood panels?

A
  1. Oriented strand board
  2. Particleboard
  3. Fiberboard
75
Q

What are structural panel types (oriented strand board, particleboard and fiberboard) used for?

A

Sheathing on framed walls and roofs, and subflooring over floor framing

76
Q

What are the differences in the three types of structural wood panels?

A

Oriented strand board: long shreds (strands) of wood compressed and glued into 3-5 layers. They are oriented in the same manner each layer. Strongest and stiffest.
Particleboard: different ranges of smaller wood particles than OSB that are compressed and bonded into panels. It is a base material for wood veneer and plastic laminate, or used as an underlayment panel, a smooth base for resilient flooring application.
Fiberboard: very fine-grained board made of wood fibers and sentencing resin binders. Mostly interior uses. More dimensionally stable and stiffer, and able to hold fasteners better. Most common type is medium-density fiberboard (MDF) used for cabinets, furniture, moldings, paneling, and many other manufactured products.

77
Q

Chemical treatments are used to counteract two major weaknesses of wood:

A

Combustibility and susceptibility to attack by decay and insects

78
Q

Placing lumber in a vessel and impregnating it under pressure with certain chemical salts that greatly reduce its combustibility; expensive; used in roof sheathing in attached houses and framing for nonstructural partitions, and other interior components.

A

Fire-retardant treatment

79
Q

Used where decay or insect resistance is required, like with wood that is used in or near the ground; exposed to moisture; fences, decks, and marine docks; high termite risk areas.

A

Preservative-treated wood (also called pressure-treated wood)

80
Q

What are the different types of wood fasteners?

A 
Nails
Screws
Bolts
Timber connectors
Toothed Plates
Sheet Metal and Metal Plate Framing Devices
Wood Adhesives
81
Q

What are the differences between nails, and screws and bolts?

A

Nails: inexpensive, fast and easy to install; may be driven by hand or nail gun; sized in pennies (d) such as 16d=3-1/2”; plain, uncoated steel (bright), galvanized (zinc, corrosion resistant) stainless steel, aluminum and copper

Screws and bolts: threaded fasteners; greater holding power than nails; bolts require pre-drilled holes; some screws require pilot holes, while some are self-drilling

82
Q

Used in factory-produce lightweight roof and floor trusses; driven into wood with hydraulic presses, pneumatic (air) presses, or mechanical rollers; act as splice plates with a very large number of built-in nails.

A

Toothed plates

83
Q

Manufactured for joining wood members or strengthening their joints; most common is joist hanger.

A

Sheet Metal and Metal Plate Framing Devices

84
Q

Type of timber connector inserted in matching circular grooves to mate pieces of wood clamped together with a central bolt, providing greater capacity by spreading the load across a larger area of wood than can be done with one or a few bolts.

A

Split-ring connector

85
Q

What are the different types of prefabricated wood components?

A

Trusses
Prefabricated panels
Factory-built housing

86
Q

What are trusses?

A

Light wood members (2x4, 2x6) joined with toothed plates; have a long-span capability, and are rapidly erected on site.

87
Q

What is factory-built housing?

A

Modular construction: constructed to local building code requirements, but factory-built and trucked to construction site.

Construction Management: M&M (12 decks)

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