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chapter 3 vocab Flashcards

1
Q

enzyme

A

any of a great number of working proteins that speed up a specific chemical reaction, such as breaking the bonds of a nutrient, without undergoing change themselves

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2
Q

fat cells

A

cells that specialize in the storage of fat and form the fat tissue

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3
Q

phenylketonuria

A

an inborn error of metabolism that interferes with the body’s handling of the amino acid phenylalanine, with potentially serious consequences for the brain and nervous system in infancy and childhood

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4
Q

villi

A

fingerlike projections of the sheets of cells lining the intestinal tract

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5
Q

microvilli

A

hair-like projections on each cell of every villus that greatly expand the surface area available to trap nutrient particles and absorb them into the cells

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6
Q

blood

A

the fluid of the cardiovascular system composed of water, red and white blood cells, other formed particles, nutrients, oxygen, and other constituents

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7
Q

lymph

A

the fluid that moves from the bloodstream into tissue spaces and then travels in its own vessels, which eventually drain back into the bloodstream

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8
Q

arteries

A

blood vessels that carry blood containing fresh oxygen supplies from the heart to the tissues

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9
Q

veins

A

blood vessels that carry blood, with the carbon dioxide it has collected, from the tissues and back to the heart

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10
Q

capillaries

A

minute, web-like blood vessels that connect arteries to veins and permit transfer of materials between blood and tissues

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11
Q

plasma

A

the cell-free fluid part of blood and lymph

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12
Q

extracellular fluid

A

fluid residing OUTSIDE of the cells that provides the medium for cellular reactions

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13
Q

intracellular fluid

A

fluid residing INSIDE the cells that provides the medium for cellular reactions

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14
Q

lungs

A

the body’s organs of gas exchange

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15
Q

aorta

A

the large artery that conducts oxygenated blood away ffrom the heart to the rest of the circulatory system

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16
Q

intestine

A

the body’s long, tubular organ of digestion and the site of nutrient absorption

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17
Q

liver

A

a large, lobed organ that lies just under the ribs

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18
Q

fatty liver

A

an early stage of liver deterioration seen in several diseases

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19
Q

kidneys

A

a pair of organs that filter wastes from the blood, make urine, and release it

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20
Q

cortex

A

the outermost layer of something

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21
Q

hypothalamus

A

a part of the brain that senses a variety of conditions in the body, such as temperature, glucose content, salt content, and others

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22
Q

fight or flight reaction

A

the body’s instinctive hormone and nerve-mediated reaction to danger

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23
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that are released at the end of a nerve cell when a nerve impulse arrives there

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24
Q

epinephrine

A

the major hormone that elicits the stress response

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25
norepinephrine
a compound related to epinephrine that helps elicit the stress response
26
metabolism
the sum of all physical and chemical changes taking place in living cells
27
microbes
bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other organisms invisible to the naked eye, some of which are called diseases
28
antigen
a microbe or substance that is foreign to the body
29
immune system
a system of tissues and organs that defend the body against antigens-
30
lymphocytes
white blood cells that participate in the immune response
31
phagocytes
white blood cells that can ingest and destroy antigens
32
T-cells
lymphocytes that attack antigens
33
B-cells
lymphocytes that produce antibodies
34
antibodies
proteins, made by cells of the immune system, that are expressly designed to combine with and inactive specific antigens
35
inflammation
the immune system's response to cellular injury characterized by an increase in white blood cells, redness, heat, and swelling
36
pancreas
organ with two main functions 1. endocrine function: the making of hormones such as insulin, which releases it directly into the blood 2. exocrine function: the making of digestive enzymes which it releases through a duct into the small intestine to assist in digestion
37
insulin
a hormone from the pancreas that helps glucose enter cells from the blood
38
glucagon
a hormone from the pancreas that stimulates the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream
39
glycogen
the storage form of carbohydrate energy (glucose)
40
pancreatic juice
fluid secreted by the pancreas that contains both enzymes to digest carbs, fats, protein, and sodium bicarbonate
41
bicarbonate
a common alkaline chemical secreted by the pancreas
42
digestive system
the body system composed of organs that break down complex food particles into smaller, absorbable products `
43
digest
to break molecules into smaller molecules; a main function of the digestive tract with respect to food
44
absorb
to take in, as nutrients are taken into the cells after digestion; the main function of the digestive tract in respect to nutrients
45
stomach
a muscular, elastic, pouch-like organ in the digestive tract that grinds and churns swallowed food and mixed it with acid and enzymes, forming chyme
46
sphincter
a circular muscle surrounding, and able to close, a body opening
47
chyme
the fluid resulting from the actions of the stomach upon a meal
48
pyloric valve
the circular muscle of the lower stomach that regulates the flow of partially digested food into the small intestine
49
small intestine
the 20-foot length of small diameter intestine, below the stomach and above the large intestine, which is the major site of digestion of food and absorption of nutrients
50
large intestine
the portion of the intestine that completes the absorption process
51
colon
the large intestine
52
feces
waste material remaining after digestion and absorption are complete, eventually discharged from the body
53
gastric juice
the digestive secretion of the stomach
54
hydrochloric acid
a strong, corrosive acid of hydrogen and chloride atoms, produced by the stomach to assist in digestion
55
pH
a measure of acidity on a point scale -1=strong acid -7=neutral -14 strong base
56
adipose tissue
the body's fat tissue, consisting of masses of fat storing cells and blood
57
mucus
a slippery coating of the digestive tract lining that protects the cells from exposure to digestive juices
58
antacids
medications that react directly and immediately with the acid of the stomach, neutralizing it
59
acid reducers
prescription and OTC drugs that reduce the acid output of the stomach
60
tissues
systems of cells working together to perform specialized tasks
61
organs
discrete structural units made tissues that perform specific jobs
62
bile
a cholesterol containing digestive fluid made by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine when needed
63
emulsifier
a compound with both water soluble and fat soluble portions that can attract fats and oils into water, combining them
64
nephrons
the working units of the kidneys
65
bladder
the sac that holds urine until time for elimination

nutrition (6 decks)

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