Chapter 3- Verbal communication

Question 1

What are the different rules that words can follow?

Answer 1

1. Semantic
2. Syntactic
3. Pragmatic

Question 2

What are semantic rules?

Answer 2

Define word meanings. Context can alter their interpretations.

Question 3

What are Syntactic rules?

Answer 3

Govern sentence structure like grammar and punctuation. The way symbols are arranged.

Question 4

What are pragmatic rules?

Answer 4

Helps us holistically understand messages. Considers context and communication objectives.
-Denotative and connotative meanings

Question 5

What does language play a role in shaping?

Answer 5

Our perception
-labels allow us to understand our experiences

Question 6

What do our words reflect?

Answer 6

Our attitude and feeling towards people or things

Question 7

What is the concept of level of abstraction in language?

Answer 7

Words can either be concrete or abstract

Question 8

What are concrete words?

Answer 8

tangible items

Question 9

What are abstract words?

Answer 9

concepts or ideas

Question 10

What is the abstraction ladder?

Answer 10

Moving from abstract to concrete/specific ideas

Question 11

What are the two meanings that words can be given?

Answer 11

1. Denotative
2. Connotative

Question 12

What are denotative meanings?

Answer 12

Dictionary definition

Question 13

What are connotative meanings?

Answer 13

Subjective meanings (vary among individuals)

Question 14

How does language connect others?

Answer 14

Shared speech patterns create a sense of affilliation

Question 15

What is convergence and divergence in relation to language?

Answer 15

We adjust our language to converge (become more similar) or diverge (differentiate) from others
Convergence- build relationships
Divergence- signal independence

Question 16

What are the categories of bias/stereotypes?

Answer 16

Race
Gender
Age
Sexual orientation
Ability

Question 17

What is biased language?

Answer 17

Words that reflect unfair or prejudiced views that are not neutral/objective. Tend to perpetuate stereotypes.
-Doesn’t promote inclusivity

Question 18

What is formal language?

Answer 18

-Professional, grammatically correct, objective and complex.
-Academic or official content is formal

Question 19

What is informal language?

Answer 19

Casual, simple and often uses contractions and abbreviations.
-Everyday communication

Question 20

What is jargon?

Answer 20

technical language specific to a profession.
-Others outside of that group may not understand it

Question 21

What are colloquialisms?

Answer 21

Informal expressions that vary from region to region

Question 22

What is slang?

Answer 22

Nonstandard language often used by certain groups like young adults

Question 23

What are idioms?

Answer 23

Expressions or figures of speech whose meaning cannot be understood by interpreting the individual words literally.

Question 24

What are cliches?

Answer 24

expressions that have been overused to the point they’ve lost their original meaning

Question 25

What is improper language?

Answer 25

Vulgarity, cursing. Unprofessional.

Question 26

What is ambitious language?

Answer 26

language with various meanings that can lead to misinterpretation.

Question 27

What are euphemisms?

Answer 27

Polite or less blunt ways of saying something

Question 28

What is relative language?

Answer 28

Language varies depending on the person communicating because each persons perspectives vary

Question 29

What is status evaluation?

Answer 29

Idea that things are not constant and vary over time and language represents that change

Question 30

What is equivocal language?

Answer 30

Words that have more than one commonly accepted definitions.

Question 31

What is abstraction?

Answer 31

Language that is vague and unclear

Question 32

What is "I" language?

Answer 32

A statement that describes the speaker’s reaction to another person’s behaviour without making judgments about the behaviour’s worth

Question 33

What are two kins of disruptive language?

Answer 33

1. Fact-opinion confusion 2. Inference

Question 34

What is fact-opinion confusion?

Answer 34

occurs when inferences or assumptions are presented as facts

Question 35

What is an inference?

Answer 35

A conclusion that is arrived at from an interpretation of evidence

Question 36

What does RELATE stand for?

Answer 36

Respect Empathize Listen Ask Try Explain