Chapter 2- Self and perception Flashcards
What is the perception process?
Attending to or selecting, organising and interpreting information. Our different responses to stimuli depend on how we perceive them.
What is the first step in the perception process?
Selecting/Attending
What is the Selecting/Attending step?
Select info/stimuli from environment that you want to focus on
What are factors that influence Selecting/Attending?
Salience (Info that stands out bc of prominence e.g loudness)
Interest (personal motivations)
Expectations (Align with our preconceived notions)
What is the second step of the perception process?
Organising
What is organising?
Making sense of the selected information in our minds.
What are the methods of organisation?
- Proximity (group things physically close to each other)
- Similarity (similar things are mentally grouped)
- Patterns (Recognise patterns)
What is the final step of the perception process?
Interpreting
What is Interpreting?
Assigning meaning to our experiences
What is used to interpret new experiences?
Perceptual Schemata: Cognitive frameworks that allow individuals to organize perceptual data that they have selected from the environment
What factors influence interpretation?
Personal experience (past shaping present)
Expectations (anticipate effects)
Assumptions (Assume human behaviours)
What are cultural influences on perception?
Our cultural background shapes how we perceive the world
What are the two types of cultures that influence perception?
- High-context cultures
- Low-context cultures
What are high-context cultures?
People consider the larger context, relationships and nonverbal cues (subtleties). Make shared assumptions
e.g Japan
What are low-context cultures?
Information is conveyed directly, focuses on specific details and has explicit rules. Individual expression is emphasised.
e.g USA
What is Salience?
State or quality of an item being particularly noticeable or important
What influences Salience?
Our needs, interest and expectations
What plays a significant role in shaping our perceptions?
Physical charcteristics
Physiological influences
Cultural differences
Ethnocentrism
Social roles
Access to information
What are some examples of physical characteristics that influence our perceptions?
Dress, grooming especially in professional settings
What is stereotyping?
Categorising individuals according to a set of characteristics assumed to belong to all members of a group
What are the three characteristics of stereotyping?
- You often categorize people on the basis of an easily recognized characteristic.
- You ascribe a set of characteristics to most or all members of a category.
- You apply the set of characteristics to every member of the group.
What are common tendencies in perception?
Judge ourselves more charitably
Self-serving bias
Cling to first impressions
Halo effect
Assume others are similar to us
Influenced by the obvious
What is self-serving bias?
The tendency to interpret and explain information in a way that casts the perceiver in the most favourable manner
What is the halo effect?
The tendency to form an overall positive impression on the basis of one positive characteristic
What are the three dimensions of self?
Social self
Spiritual self
Material self
What is self-concept?
Relatively stable set of self-perceptions individuals hold about themselves
-Contain values and beliefs
What are the dimensions of self-concept?
Self-knowledge- “Who am I”
Self-expectation- “Who or what do I want to be?”
Social self- How the individual is perceived by others
Self-evaluation- “How well do I like myself?”
What are the components of Self-concept?
Identity
Body image
Self esteem
Role performance
What is self-esteem?
Part of the self that evaluates our worth
What does High/low self-esteem affect?
Communication
What re some influences on self-esteem/concept?
- Biological strengths/weaknesses
- Family, friends and social environment
- Events (death, divorce, hospitalisation….)
4.Gender
How does gender influence self-concept/esteem?
Shapes how there communicate with us
have Different expectations and different acceptable behaviours
What are some characteristics associated with low self-esteem?
-need positive external experiences to counteract negative internal experiences
-Negative outlook on life (hopeless, worthless)
- Unrealistic expectations
- Poor coping skills
-Stay in unhealthy relationships
What are some characteristics associated with high self-esteem?
Positive outlook on life
Assertive in expressing opinions
Able to form secure relationships
Realistic expectations
Better coping skills
What is self-fulfilling prophecy?
A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when your expectation causes something to happen.
What is self-disclosure?
Self-disclosure is the purposeful disclosure of personal information to another person.
What is the social penetration theory?
Social penetration theory states that as we get to know someone, we engage in a reciprocal process of self disclosure that changes in depth and affects how a relationship develops.
what is the social comparison theory?
Social comparison theory states that we evaluate ourselves based on how we compare with others.
What is the Johari window?
Visually represents the aspects of self that are known to us versus those unknown. The model has four quadrants, and the first quadrant (lower left-hand corner) includes concepts like your name, hobbies, and other topics about yourself that you share with others.
